Table 5.

Robustness test for the instrumental variable

 (1)(2)(3)(4)
VariablesPAADTPBADT
PAA −7.165*** (1.064)  
PAA2 16.179*** (2.794)  
L1. PAA0.421*** (0.032)   
L1. PAA2−0.142* (0.081)   
PBA   −7.569*** (0.569)
PBA2   −16.642*** (1.638)
L1. PBA  0.873*** (0.021) 
L1. PBA2  0.360*** (0.089) 
ControlsYesYesYesYes
Firm FEYesYesYesYes
Industry/yearYesYesYesYes
Constant0.114*** (0.011)−4.553*** (0.358)0.096*** (0.010)−3.829*** (0.351)
R20.2050.2750.5920.304
Observations22,61022,61022,61022,610
Note(s):

Standard errors in parentheses; *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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