Table 5

Emergent themes on SP barriers in SOEs (Schedule 2 vs Schedule 3)

DimensionSchedule 2Schedule 3
Emphasis on PPPFAPreferential procurement dominates; ESG alignment inconsistentPPPFA applied with minimal SP integration
Poor implementation of PPPFAPolitical interference; exclusion of disadvantaged suppliersFronting; incomplete transformation persists
Limited environmental focusEnvironmental audits rarely conducted; outdated specificationsEnvironmental criteria absent in specifications
Lack of trainingLimited training for senior staff; operational gapsTraining absent across levels; skills gaps evident
Lack of awarenessModerate awareness; uneven implementationVery low awareness; not embedded in practice
Policy–practice gapFrameworks exist but lack enforcementFew formal SP policies; weak integration
Corruption and governanceWeak enforcement; political manipulationLack of consequence management fosters irregularities
Green suppliersLimited supplier base; weak incentivesNo strategic emphasis on green suppliers

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