Note: Respondents’ actual party choice in the PR tier (columns) by their policy-utilitymaximizing party bundle (rows). Each cell is a row proportion, so each row sums to 100. The column labeled n is the number of respondents who most prefer each policy bundle across all three elections. Numbers are bolded and underlined when the preferred bundle matches the vote choice, so that, if voters voted purely based on our estimated policy utilities, diagonal cells would be 100%. Columns are ordered by the conventionally understood positioning of the left (JCP, CDP), center (Hope in 2017, DPP in 2021-2024, JIP), and right (Komeito, the governing LDP) parties. See Online Appendix Table C.6 for the same analysis for each separate election.