Detection performance comparison for images resized from 256 × 256 to 128 × 128 and 64 × 64 The boldface and the underbar indicate the best and the second-best results, respectively.
| Tile size | Method | Features or Designs | Fl score | Precision | Recall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 128 × 128 | Zhao et al. [36] | Spatial | 77.35% | 76.61% | 78.10% |
| Histogram | 80.09% | 75.93% | 84.72% | ||
| Frequency | 64.14% | 47.21% | 100% | ||
| Spatial + Histogram | 88.28% | 85.81% | 90.89% | ||
| Spatial + Frequency | 79.79% | 81.38% | 78.26% | ||
| Histogram + Frequency | 81.92% | 76.99% | 87.53% | ||
| Spatial + Histogram + Frequency | 88.09% | 86.52% | 89.71% | ||
| DefakeHop [4] | 92.63% | 97.78% | 88.00% | ||
| Geo-DefakeHop (Ours) | PixelHop A | 100% | 100% | 100% | |
| PixelHop Β | 99.88% | 100% | 99.75% | ||
| PixelHop C | 99.75% | 99.75% | 99.75% | ||
| PixelHops A&B&C | 100% | 100% | 100% | ||
| 64 × 64 | Zhao et al. [36] | Spatial | 76.46% | 78.85% | 74.21% |
| Histogram | 81.59% | 76.60% | 87.26% | ||
| Frequency | 49.75% | 79.89% | 36.12% | ||
| Spatial + Histogram | 88.22% | 86.15% | 90.39% | ||
| Spatial + Frequency | 77.46% | 77.83% | 77.09% | ||
| Histogram + Frequency | 83.16% | 77.80% | 89.32% | ||
| Spatial + Histogram + Frequency | 87.91% | 83.94% | 92.29% | ||
| DefakeHop [4] | 86.60% | 89.36% | 84.00% | ||
| Geo-DefakeHop (Ours) | PixelHop A | 98.27% | 98.27% | 98.27% | |
| PixelHop Β | 97.39% | 97.76% | 97.03% | ||
| PixelHop C | 96.36% | 97.71% | 95.05% | ||
| PixelHops A&B&C | 99.01% | 99.01% | 99.01% |
| Tile size | Method | Features or Designs | Fl score | Precision | Recall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 128 × 128 | Zhao | Spatial | 77.35% | 76.61% | 78.10% |
| Histogram | 80.09% | 75.93% | 84.72% | ||
| Frequency | 64.14% | 47.21% | |||
| Spatial + Histogram | 88.28% | 85.81% | 90.89% | ||
| Spatial + Frequency | 79.79% | 81.38% | 78.26% | ||
| Histogram + Frequency | 81.92% | 76.99% | 87.53% | ||
| Spatial + Histogram + Frequency | 88.09% | 86.52% | 89.71% | ||
| DefakeHop [ | 92.63% | 97.78% | 88.00% | ||
| Geo-DefakeHop (Ours) | PixelHop A | ||||
| PixelHop Β | 99.88% | 99.75% | |||
| PixelHop C | 99.75% | 99.75% | 99.75% | ||
| PixelHops A&B&C | |||||
| 64 × 64 | Zhao | Spatial | 76.46% | 78.85% | 74.21% |
| Histogram | 81.59% | 76.60% | 87.26% | ||
| Frequency | 49.75% | 79.89% | 36.12% | ||
| Spatial + Histogram | 88.22% | 86.15% | 90.39% | ||
| Spatial + Frequency | 77.46% | 77.83% | 77.09% | ||
| Histogram + Frequency | 83.16% | 77.80% | 89.32% | ||
| Spatial + Histogram + Frequency | 87.91% | 83.94% | 92.29% | ||
| DefakeHop [ | 86.60% | 89.36% | 84.00% | ||
| Geo-DefakeHop (Ours) | PixelHop A | 98.27% | 98.27% | 98.27% | |
| PixelHop Β | 97.39% | 97.76% | 97.03% | ||
| PixelHop C | 96.36% | 97.71% | 95.05% | ||
| PixelHops A&B&C |
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