Scales Measuring Social Presence or Connectedness
| Scale | Authors | Constructs | Year Validated | Number of Likert Scale Items | Chronback Alpha | Number of Citations | Modality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Instructor Social Presence Scale (ISP) | Pollard et al. | Social behaviors Attitudes | 2014 | 10 | .93 | 113 | Online |
| Community of Inquiry—Social Presence (CoI) | Arbaugh, et al. | Active Expression Open Communication Group Cohesion | 2008 | 9 | .91 | 1526 | Online |
| Community of Inquiry—Teaching Presence (CoI) | Arbaugh, et al. | Design and Organization Facilitation Direct Instruction | 2008 | 13 | .94 | 1526 | Online |
| The instructor-student relationship scale (SIRS) | Creasy et al. | Connectedness Anxiety | 2009 | 36 | .89 | 126 | Not reported |
| Classroom Community Scale (CCS) | Rovai | Connectedness Learning | 2002 | 20 | .93 | 1451 | Online |
| Online Student Connectedness Survey (OSCS) | Bollinger & Inan | Community Comfort Facilitation Interaction and collaboration | 2012 | 25 | .98 | 282 | Online |
| Scale | Authors | Constructs | Year Validated | Number of Likert Scale Items | Chronback Alpha | Number of Citations | Modality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Instructor Social Presence Scale (ISP) | Pollard et al. | Social behaviors | 2014 | 10 | .93 | 113 | Online |
| Community of Inquiry—Social Presence (CoI) | Arbaugh, et al. | Active Expression | 2008 | 9 | .91 | 1526 | Online |
| Community of Inquiry—Teaching Presence (CoI) | Arbaugh, et al. | Design and Organization | 2008 | 13 | .94 | 1526 | Online |
| The instructor-student relationship scale (SIRS) | Creasy et al. | Connectedness | 2009 | 36 | .89 | 126 | Not reported |
| Classroom Community Scale (CCS) | Rovai | Connectedness | 2002 | 20 | .93 | 1451 | Online |
| Online Student Connectedness Survey (OSCS) | Bollinger & Inan | Community | 2012 | 25 | .98 | 282 | Online |