Table 4. Technological change University...

Table 4.

Technological change

University	$t_{1}$ =2015 $t_{2}$ =2016	$t_{1}$ =2016 $t_{2}$ =2017	$t_{1}$ =2017 $t_{2}$ =2018	$t_{1}$ =2018 $t_{2}$ =2019	$t_{1}$ =2019 $t_{2}$ =2020	$t_{1}$ =2020 $t_{2}$ =2021	$t_{1}$ =2021 $t_{2}$ =2022	Mean
ACU	1.00	0.98	1.14***	1.03	0.97	0.97	0.99	1.01
ANU	1.06**	1.07**	1.02	0.99	1.07	1.02	1.05**	1.04
CQU	1.00	0.98	1.14***	1.05	0.98	0.98	1.02**	1.02
CDU	1.03**	0.99	0.98	1.04***	1.01	1.01	1.00	1.01
CSU	1.00	0.98	1.12***	1.03	0.99	0.98	1.02	1.02
Curtin	1.05***	1.00	0.97*	1.05**	1.02	1.02	0.99	1.01
Deakin	1.04***	1.00	0.97*	1.04**	1.01	1.01	0.99	1.01
ECU	1.00	0.98	1.06	1.03	1.00	1.00	1.02**	1.01
Fedu	0.99	0.98	1.11***	1.04	0.98	0.99	1.02**	1.02
Flin	1.05***	1.00	0.96**	1.05**	1.03	1.05	0.98	1.02
Griff	1.04**	1.00	0.96**	1.04***	1.02	1.02	0.99	1.01
JCU	1.05***	1.00	0.97	1.05**	1.03	1.03	0.99	1.02
La Trobe	1.03**	0.99	0.98	1.04**	1.01	1.02	0.99	1.01
Macq	1.04***	1.00	0.96**	1.05**	1.02	1.02	0.99	1.01
Monash	1.06***	1.02	0.98	1.04**	1.04	1.06*	0.99	1.03
Murd	1.03**	0.99	0.98	1.04**	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.01
QUT	1.04***	1.00	0.97*	1.04**	1.01	1.01	1.00	1.01
RMIT	1.01	0.99	1.01	1.03	1.00	0.99	1.02**	1.01
SCU	1.01	0.99	1.04	1.03	0.99	0.99	1.02**	1.01
Swin	1.01	0.99	0.99	1.04**	1.01	1.00	1.01	1.01
UAdel	1.05**	1.06**	1.01	1.00	1.06	1.04	1.02	1.03
UC	1.03**	0.99	0.99	1.04**	1.00	1.00	1.01*	1.01
UMelb	1.05***	1.05*	1.01	1.00	1.06	1.03	1.04*	1.04
UNE	1.03***	0.99	0.99	1.04**	1.00	1.00	1.01*	1.01
UNSW	1.05***	1.05*	1.00	1.01	1.06	1.04	1.02	1.03
UoN	1.06***	1.01	0.97	1.05**	1.02	1.02	0.99	1.02
UQ	1.05**	1.06**	1.01	1.00	1.06	1.04	1.03*	1.04
UniSA	1.04**	1.00	0.96**	1.04**	1.01	1.00	1.01	1.01
USQ	1.00	0.98	1.03	1.03*	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.01
USyd	1.05***	1.05*	1.01	1.01	1.06	1.05	1.01	1.03
UTas	1.06***	1.00	0.97*	1.05**	1.02	1.02	0.98	1.01
UTS	1.04***	1.00	0.96**	1.05**	1.03	1.05*	0.98	1.02
USC	1.03**	0.99	1.00	1.03*	1.01	1.00	1.02**	1.01
UWA	1.05**	1.07**	1.03	0.99	1.07	1.03	1.05**	1.04
WSU	1.01	0.99	1.00	1.03	1.00	0.99	1.02**	1.01
UOW	1.05***	1.00	0.96**	1.05**	1.03	1.03	0.98	1.01
VU	1.00	0.98	1.13***	1.04	0.98	0.97	1.00	1.01
Mean	1.03	1.01	1.01	1.03	1.02	1.01	1.01

University	$t_{1}$ =2015 $t_{2}$ =2016	$t_{1}$ =2016 $t_{2}$ =2017	$t_{1}$ =2017 $t_{2}$ =2018	$t_{1}$ =2018 $t_{2}$ =2019	$t_{1}$ =2019 $t_{2}$ =2020	$t_{1}$ =2020 $t_{2}$ =2021	$t_{1}$ =2021 $t_{2}$ =2022	Mean
ACU	1.00	0.98	1.14***	1.03	0.97	0.97	0.99	1.01
ANU	1.06**	1.07**	1.02	0.99	1.07	1.02	1.05**	1.04
CQU	1.00	0.98	1.14***	1.05	0.98	0.98	1.02**	1.02
CDU	1.03**	0.99	0.98	1.04***	1.01	1.01	1.00	1.01
CSU	1.00	0.98	1.12***	1.03	0.99	0.98	1.02	1.02
Curtin	1.05***	1.00	0.97*	1.05**	1.02	1.02	0.99	1.01
Deakin	1.04***	1.00	0.97*	1.04**	1.01	1.01	0.99	1.01
ECU	1.00	0.98	1.06	1.03	1.00	1.00	1.02**	1.01
Fedu	0.99	0.98	1.11***	1.04	0.98	0.99	1.02**	1.02
Flin	1.05***	1.00	0.96**	1.05**	1.03	1.05	0.98	1.02
Griff	1.04**	1.00	0.96**	1.04***	1.02	1.02	0.99	1.01
JCU	1.05***	1.00	0.97	1.05**	1.03	1.03	0.99	1.02
La Trobe	1.03**	0.99	0.98	1.04**	1.01	1.02	0.99	1.01
Macq	1.04***	1.00	0.96**	1.05**	1.02	1.02	0.99	1.01
Monash	1.06***	1.02	0.98	1.04**	1.04	1.06*	0.99	1.03
Murd	1.03**	0.99	0.98	1.04**	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.01
QUT	1.04***	1.00	0.97*	1.04**	1.01	1.01	1.00	1.01
RMIT	1.01	0.99	1.01	1.03	1.00	0.99	1.02**	1.01
SCU	1.01	0.99	1.04	1.03	0.99	0.99	1.02**	1.01
Swin	1.01	0.99	0.99	1.04**	1.01	1.00	1.01	1.01
UAdel	1.05**	1.06**	1.01	1.00	1.06	1.04	1.02	1.03
UC	1.03**	0.99	0.99	1.04**	1.00	1.00	1.01*	1.01
UMelb	1.05***	1.05*	1.01	1.00	1.06	1.03	1.04*	1.04
UNE	1.03***	0.99	0.99	1.04**	1.00	1.00	1.01*	1.01
UNSW	1.05***	1.05*	1.00	1.01	1.06	1.04	1.02	1.03
UoN	1.06***	1.01	0.97	1.05**	1.02	1.02	0.99	1.02
UQ	1.05**	1.06**	1.01	1.00	1.06	1.04	1.03*	1.04
UniSA	1.04**	1.00	0.96**	1.04**	1.01	1.00	1.01	1.01
USQ	1.00	0.98	1.03	1.03*	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.01
USyd	1.05***	1.05*	1.01	1.01	1.06	1.05	1.01	1.03
UTas	1.06***	1.00	0.97*	1.05**	1.02	1.02	0.98	1.01
UTS	1.04***	1.00	0.96**	1.05**	1.03	1.05*	0.98	1.02
USC	1.03**	0.99	1.00	1.03*	1.01	1.00	1.02**	1.01
UWA	1.05**	1.07**	1.03	0.99	1.07	1.03	1.05**	1.04
WSU	1.01	0.99	1.00	1.03	1.00	0.99	1.02**	1.01
UOW	1.05***	1.00	0.96**	1.05**	1.03	1.03	0.98	1.01
VU	1.00	0.98	1.13***	1.04	0.98	0.97	1.00	1.01
Mean	1.03	1.01	1.01	1.03	1.02	1.01	1.01

Note(s):

*, ** and *** significant differences from unity at 10, 5 and 1%, respectively; The statistical significance of technology change estimates using the bootstrap procedure is assessed by constructing a confidence interval from the distribution of bootstrap estimates. If the interval does not include the value 1, the change is considered statistically significant

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