Summary on spoofing attacks and countermeasures.
| Spoofing attacks | Accessibility (practicality) | Effectiveness (risk) | Countermeasures |
|---|---|---|---|
| Impersonation (IMP) | Low | Low | - Acoustic feature analysis |
| Replay attack (RA) | High | Low to high | - Signal distortion |
| - Liveness detection | |||
| Speech synthesis (SS) | Mid to high | High | - Vocoder attribute |
| Voice conversion (VC) | - Deep learning | ||
| Adversarial attack (AA) | Low to mid | High | - Adversarial detection |
| - Robust against perturbation |
| Spoofing attacks | Accessibility (practicality) | Effectiveness (risk) | Countermeasures |
|---|---|---|---|
| Impersonation (IMP) | Low | Low | - Acoustic feature analysis |
| Replay attack (RA) | High | Low to high | - Signal distortion |
| - Liveness detection | |||
| Speech synthesis (SS) | Mid to high | High | - Vocoder attribute |
| Voice conversion (VC) | - Deep learning | ||
| Adversarial attack (AA) | Low to mid | High | - Adversarial detection |
| - Robust against perturbation |
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