Heterogeneous effects by Pavitt taxonomy's classes
| SB | SS | SI | SD | SB | SS | SI | SD | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | ||
| (ln) No. Training programs | t−1 | −0.0206* | 0.0084 | 0.0251** | 0.0163*** | ||||
| (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.010) | (0.006) | ||||||
| t−2 | −0.0055 | −0.0044 | 0.0370*** | 0.0267*** | |||||
| (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.010) | (0.006) | ||||||
| t−3 | −0.0014 | 0.0140 | 0.0094 | 0.0283*** | |||||
| (0.011) | (0.012) | (0.010) | (0.006) | ||||||
| (ln) Training hours (p. c.) | t−1 | −0.0046 | −0.0088 | 0.0078 | 0.0217*** | ||||
| (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.008) | ||||||
| t−2 | 0.0071 | −0.0077 | 0.0143 | 0.0210*** | |||||
| (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.012) | (0.008) | ||||||
| t−3 | −0.0093 | −0.0065 | 0.0129 | 0.0024 | |||||
| (0.010) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.008) | ||||||
| Other controls | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | |
| R-squared | 0.035 | 0.061 | 0.046 | 0.037 | 0.037 | 0.060 | 0.042 | 0.035 | |
| Observations | 9,413 | 17,990 | 11,776 | 25,451 | 9,413 | 17,990 | 11,776 | 25,451 | |
| SB | SS | SI | SD | SB | SS | SI | SD | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | ||
| (ln) No. Training programs | t−1 | −0.0206* | 0.0084 | 0.0251** | 0.0163*** | ||||
| (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.010) | (0.006) | ||||||
| t−2 | −0.0055 | −0.0044 | 0.0370*** | 0.0267*** | |||||
| (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.010) | (0.006) | ||||||
| t−3 | −0.0014 | 0.0140 | 0.0094 | 0.0283*** | |||||
| (0.011) | (0.012) | (0.010) | (0.006) | ||||||
| (ln) Training hours (p. c.) | t−1 | −0.0046 | −0.0088 | 0.0078 | 0.0217*** | ||||
| (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.008) | ||||||
| t−2 | 0.0071 | −0.0077 | 0.0143 | 0.0210*** | |||||
| (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.012) | (0.008) | ||||||
| t−3 | −0.0093 | −0.0065 | 0.0129 | 0.0024 | |||||
| (0.010) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.008) | ||||||
| Other controls | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | |
| 0.035 | 0.061 | 0.046 | 0.037 | 0.037 | 0.060 | 0.042 | 0.035 | ||
| Observations | 9,413 | 17,990 | 11,776 | 25,451 | 9,413 | 17,990 | 11,776 | 25,451 | |
Note(s): IVH estimates. Pavitt classes: SB = Science-based; SS = Specialized suppliers; SI = Scale-intensive; SD = Supplier-dominated. Other controls include (lagged from t−1 to t−3, and in natural logarithm): Value Added, Firm's age, Tot. Intangible assets, Total liabilities, Unit labour cost, Employees, TFP. Extended tables are reported in the Appendix. Sectoral fixed effects (NACE 2-digit) and year are always included. Lewbel IV includes an exogenous instrumental variable (see Section 4.2). Significance levels: *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01