Table A1 Sample composition No. firms...

Table A1

Sample composition

	No. firms	Percent
Pavitt class
Science based	9,413	14.56
Specialised suppliers	17,990	27.84
Scale and information intensive	11,776	18.22
Suppliers dominated	25,451	39.38
Total	64,630
Size class (no. empl.)
1–49	24,658	34.96
50–249	32,847	46.57
250+	13,034	18.48
Total	70,539

	No. firms	Percent
Pavitt class
Science based	9,413	14.56
Specialised suppliers	17,990	27.84
Scale and information intensive	11,776	18.22
Suppliers dominated	25,451	39.38
Total	64,630
Size class (no. empl.)
1–49	24,658	34.96
50–249	32,847	46.57
250+	13,034	18.48
Total	70,539

Total composition by combined Pavitt-size classes
Pavitt/Size	1–49	50–249	250+	Total
Science based	5.24%	6.47%	2.85%	14.56%
Specialised suppliers	10.26%	13.11%	4.42%	27.84%
Scale and information intensive	5.24%	9.47%	3.51%	18.22%
Suppliers dominated	13.90%	18.18%	7.34%	39.38%
Total	34.96%	46.57%	18.48%

Total composition by combined Pavitt-size classes
Pavitt/Size	1–49	50–249	250+	Total
Science based	5.24%	6.47%	2.85%	14.56%
Specialised suppliers	10.26%	13.11%	4.42%	27.84%
Scale and information intensive	5.24%	9.47%	3.51%	18.22%
Suppliers dominated	13.90%	18.18%	7.34%	39.38%
Total	34.96%	46.57%	18.48%

Note(s): Sample composition refers to the estimation sample derived from the baseline model

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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Table A2

Summary of topics covered within program categories

Category	Topic	Share
Technical and Managerial	Languages for business	58%
	Organization and human resources	7%
	Safety	7%
	Strategy	5%
Behavioral	Communication	41%
	Interpersonal relationships	32%
	Negotiation	20%
	Autonomy	7%
Conceptual	Problem solving	34%
	Temporal (or strategic) perspective	17%
	Systemic perspective	12%
	Logical-analytical	10%
Leadership	Decision-making	35%
	Integration/organization	33%
	Innovation	25%
	Propensity to risk	7%

Category	Topic	Share
Technical and Managerial	Languages for business	58%
	Organization and human resources	7%
	Safety	7%
	Strategy	5%
Behavioral	Communication	41%
	Interpersonal relationships	32%
	Negotiation	20%
	Autonomy	7%
Conceptual	Problem solving	34%
	Temporal (or strategic) perspective	17%
	Systemic perspective	12%
	Logical-analytical	10%
Leadership	Decision-making	35%
	Integration/organization	33%
	Innovation	25%
	Propensity to risk	7%

Note(s): First four topics covered for each category of training programs activated by Fondirigenti. The share in the third column refers to the number of programs activated covering the specific topic (second column) on the total number of programs of the category (first column)

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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Table A3

Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial model

	w/Residuals		Without residuals		w/Residuals		Without residuals
	Count	Inflate	Count	Inflate	Count	Inflate	Count	Inflate
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
Firm’s age		0.087		0.093		0.086		0.092
Firm’s age		(0.074)		(0.074)		(0.071)		(0.071)
Avg. Wage		−0.236*		−0.235*		−0.239**		−0.238**
Avg. Wage		(0.125)		(0.125)		(0.121)		(0.121)
Employees		−0.295***		−0.299***		−0.304***		−0.308***
Employees		(0.037)		(0.037)		(0.035)		(0.035)
Dummy ATECO	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Dummy Year	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Training plans (t-1)	−4.085		0.246***
Training plans (t-1)	(3.189)		(0.084)
Training plans (t-2)	3.370		0.187**
Training plans (t-2)	(3.359)		(0.084)
Training plans (t-3)	3.665		0.077
Training plans (t-3)	(3.497)		(0.089)
Training hours (t-1)					−4.013		0.505***
Training hours (t-1)					(3.072)		(0.160)
Training hours (t-2)					2.346		0.435***
Training hours (t-2)					(3.014)		(0.149)
Training hours (t-3)					5.081		0.192
Training hours (t-3)					(3.581)		(0.160)
Residuals IV t-1	4.337				4.532
Residuals IV t-1	(3.196)				(3.087)
Residuals IV t-2	−3.192				−1.922
Residuals IV t-2	(3.368)				(3.026)
Residuals IV t-3	−3.594				−4.904
Residuals IV t-3	(3.502)				(3.586)
Firm's age (t-1)	−9.382**		−9.264**		−9.336**		−10.040**
Firm's age (t-1)	(4.622)		(4.450)		(4.518)		(4.453)
Firm's age (t-2)	13.972**		13.725**		13.983**		14.859**
Firm's age (t-2)	(6.893)		(6.649)		(6.743)		(6.656)
Firm's age (t-3)	−4.704**		−4.535*		−4.739**		−4.909**
Firm's age (t-3)	(2.394)		(2.315)		(2.342)		(2.317)
Value added (t-1)	0.905		1.063		1.111		0.872
Value added (t-1)	(1.408)		(1.402)		(1.423)		(1.411)
Value added (t-2)	0.639		0.583		−0.080		0.600
Value added (t-2)	(1.950)		(1.939)		(1.999)		(1.947)
Value added (t-3)	−0.971		−1.087		−0.400		−0.949
Value added (t-3)	(1.329)		(1.314)		(1.360)		(1.320)
Tot. Intangibles (t-1)	0.104***		0.108***		0.109***		0.110***
Tot. Intangibles (t-1)	(0.024)		(0.024)		(0.024)		(0.024)
Tot. Intangibles (t-2)	0.065**		0.062**		0.051*		0.061**
Tot. Intangibles (t-2)	(0.029)		(0.029)		(0.030)		(0.029)
Tot. Intangibles (t-3)	0.005		0.008		0.021		0.010
Tot. Intangibles (t-3)	(0.023)		(0.022)		(0.024)		(0.023)

	w/Residuals		Without residuals		w/Residuals		Without residuals
	Count	Inflate	Count	Inflate	Count	Inflate	Count	Inflate
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
Firm’s age		0.087		0.093		0.086		0.092
Firm’s age		(0.074)		(0.074)		(0.071)		(0.071)
Avg. Wage		−0.236*		−0.235*		−0.239**		−0.238**
Avg. Wage		(0.125)		(0.125)		(0.121)		(0.121)
Employees		−0.295***		−0.299***		−0.304***		−0.308***
Employees		(0.037)		(0.037)		(0.035)		(0.035)
Dummy ATECO	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Dummy Year	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Training plans (t-1)	−4.085		0.246***
Training plans (t-1)	(3.189)		(0.084)
Training plans (t-2)	3.370		0.187**
Training plans (t-2)	(3.359)		(0.084)
Training plans (t-3)	3.665		0.077
Training plans (t-3)	(3.497)		(0.089)
Training hours (t-1)					−4.013		0.505***
Training hours (t-1)					(3.072)		(0.160)
Training hours (t-2)					2.346		0.435***
Training hours (t-2)					(3.014)		(0.149)
Training hours (t-3)					5.081		0.192
Training hours (t-3)					(3.581)		(0.160)
Residuals IV t-1	4.337				4.532
Residuals IV t-1	(3.196)				(3.087)
Residuals IV t-2	−3.192				−1.922
Residuals IV t-2	(3.368)				(3.026)
Residuals IV t-3	−3.594				−4.904
Residuals IV t-3	(3.502)				(3.586)
Firm's age (t-1)	−9.382**		−9.264**		−9.336**		−10.040**
Firm's age (t-1)	(4.622)		(4.450)		(4.518)		(4.453)
Firm's age (t-2)	13.972**		13.725**		13.983**		14.859**
Firm's age (t-2)	(6.893)		(6.649)		(6.743)		(6.656)
Firm's age (t-3)	−4.704**		−4.535*		−4.739**		−4.909**
Firm's age (t-3)	(2.394)		(2.315)		(2.342)		(2.317)
Value added (t-1)	0.905		1.063		1.111		0.872
Value added (t-1)	(1.408)		(1.402)		(1.423)		(1.411)
Value added (t-2)	0.639		0.583		−0.080		0.600
Value added (t-2)	(1.950)		(1.939)		(1.999)		(1.947)
Value added (t-3)	−0.971		−1.087		−0.400		−0.949
Value added (t-3)	(1.329)		(1.314)		(1.360)		(1.320)
Tot. Intangibles (t-1)	0.104***		0.108***		0.109***		0.110***
Tot. Intangibles (t-1)	(0.024)		(0.024)		(0.024)		(0.024)
Tot. Intangibles (t-2)	0.065**		0.062**		0.051*		0.061**
Tot. Intangibles (t-2)	(0.029)		(0.029)		(0.030)		(0.029)
Tot. Intangibles (t-3)	0.005		0.008		0.021		0.010
Tot. Intangibles (t-3)	(0.023)		(0.022)		(0.024)		(0.023)

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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Table A4

(continued) Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial model

	w/Residuals		Without residuals		w/Residuals		Without residuals
	Count	Inflate	Count	Inflate	Count	Inflate	Count	Inflate
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
Avg. Wage (t-1)	0.441**		0.413**		0.421**		0.400*
Avg. Wage (t-1)	(0.214)		(0.208)		(0.212)		(0.208)
Avg. Wage (t-2)	−0.228		−0.150		−0.170		−0.160
Avg. Wage (t-2)	(0.239)		(0.233)		(0.234)		(0.233)
Avg. Wage (t-3)	0.135		0.221		0.099		0.196
Avg. Wage (t-3)	(0.205)		(0.180)		(0.206)		(0.181)
Employees (t-1)	−0.059		−0.222		−0.385		−0.054
Employees (t-1)	(1.173)		(1.166)		(1.196)		(1.174)
Employees (t-2)	−0.677		−0.615		0.074		−0.622
Employees (t-2)	(1.605)		(1.594)		(1.662)		(1.601)
Employees (t-3)	0.607		0.798		0.226		0.686
Employees (t-3)	(1.103)		(1.091)		(1.139)		(1.096)
Tot. Liabilities (t-1)	0.156		0.165*		0.160		0.165*
Tot. Liabilities (t-1)	(0.098)		(0.098)		(0.098)		(0.098)
Tot. Liabilities (t-2)	0.031		0.020		0.001		0.015
Tot. Liabilities (t-2)	(0.126)		(0.125)		(0.126)		(0.125)
Tot. Liabilities (t-3)	−0.290***		−0.275***		−0.286***		−0.281***
Tot. Liabilities (t-3)	(0.100)		(0.096)		(0.098)		(0.096)
TFP (t-1)	−0.601		−0.740		−0.826		−0.557
TFP (t-1)	(1.407)		(1.402)		(1.425)		(1.410)
TFP (t-2)	−0.596		−0.572		0.133		−0.596
TFP (t-2)	(1.947)		(1.937)		(2.003)		(1.944)
TFP (t-3)	0.904		1.032		0.327		0.900
TFP (t-3)	(1.325)		(1.312)		(1.361)		(1.317)
Constant	−1.588***	4.822***	−1.597***	4.849***	−1.513***	4.937***	−1.509***	4.962***
Constant	(0.136)	(0.599)	(0.135)	(0.598)	(0.134)	(0.585)	(0.133)	(0.583)
Dummy ATECO	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Dummy Year	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Alpha	1.468***		1.463***		1.403***		1.398***
Alpha	(0.115)		(0.114)		(0.115)		(0.114)
Observations	70,682	70,682	70,682	70,682	70,682	70,682	70,682	70,682

	w/Residuals		Without residuals		w/Residuals		Without residuals
	Count	Inflate	Count	Inflate	Count	Inflate	Count	Inflate
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
Avg. Wage (t-1)	0.441**		0.413**		0.421**		0.400*
Avg. Wage (t-1)	(0.214)		(0.208)		(0.212)		(0.208)
Avg. Wage (t-2)	−0.228		−0.150		−0.170		−0.160
Avg. Wage (t-2)	(0.239)		(0.233)		(0.234)		(0.233)
Avg. Wage (t-3)	0.135		0.221		0.099		0.196
Avg. Wage (t-3)	(0.205)		(0.180)		(0.206)		(0.181)
Employees (t-1)	−0.059		−0.222		−0.385		−0.054
Employees (t-1)	(1.173)		(1.166)		(1.196)		(1.174)
Employees (t-2)	−0.677		−0.615		0.074		−0.622
Employees (t-2)	(1.605)		(1.594)		(1.662)		(1.601)
Employees (t-3)	0.607		0.798		0.226		0.686
Employees (t-3)	(1.103)		(1.091)		(1.139)		(1.096)
Tot. Liabilities (t-1)	0.156		0.165*		0.160		0.165*
Tot. Liabilities (t-1)	(0.098)		(0.098)		(0.098)		(0.098)
Tot. Liabilities (t-2)	0.031		0.020		0.001		0.015
Tot. Liabilities (t-2)	(0.126)		(0.125)		(0.126)		(0.125)
Tot. Liabilities (t-3)	−0.290***		−0.275***		−0.286***		−0.281***
Tot. Liabilities (t-3)	(0.100)		(0.096)		(0.098)		(0.096)
TFP (t-1)	−0.601		−0.740		−0.826		−0.557
TFP (t-1)	(1.407)		(1.402)		(1.425)		(1.410)
TFP (t-2)	−0.596		−0.572		0.133		−0.596
TFP (t-2)	(1.947)		(1.937)		(2.003)		(1.944)
TFP (t-3)	0.904		1.032		0.327		0.900
TFP (t-3)	(1.325)		(1.312)		(1.361)		(1.317)
Constant	−1.588***	4.822***	−1.597***	4.849***	−1.513***	4.937***	−1.509***	4.962***
Constant	(0.136)	(0.599)	(0.135)	(0.598)	(0.134)	(0.585)	(0.133)	(0.583)
Dummy ATECO	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Dummy Year	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Alpha	1.468***		1.463***		1.403***		1.398***
Alpha	(0.115)		(0.114)		(0.115)		(0.114)
Observations	70,682	70,682	70,682	70,682	70,682	70,682	70,682	70,682

Note(s): Model in columns 1–2 and 5–6 is augmented with the first-stage residual inclusion, while model in columns 3–4 and 7–8 do not include residuals. The inflation factor (zero generating process) is reported in “Inflate” (columns 2, 4, 6, and 8), while “Count” (columns 1, 3, 5, 7) reports the coefficients on the dependent variable. Sector and time dummies included in all specifications. Significance levels: *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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