Table 3.

Descriptive statistics

VariablesNMeanSDp25Medianp75
Dependent variables (investment efficiency)
IE20,358−0.100.08−0.13−0.08−0.04
IED20,3580.480.500.000.001.00
IE_Biddle19,961−0.050.06−0.06−0.04−0.02
IED_Biddle19,9610.750.430.001.001.00
IE_Chen19,961−0.050.05−0.06−0.04−0.02
IED_Chen19,9610.490.500.000.001.00
Independent variables (Chair–CEO age gap)
GAPS22,7923.768.240.001.008.00
GAPU22,7925.936.950.004.009.00
GAP2022,7920.060.240.000.000.00
GAP1522,7920.120.330.000.000.00
GAP1022,7920.240.430.000.000.00
GAP522,7920.450.500.000.001.00
Control variables about characteristics (Chair–CEO)
DIFEDU22,7920.870.331.001.001.00
DIFNAT22,7920.020.140.000.000.00
DIFGEN22,7920.080.270.000.000.00
JONTENU22,7923.413.111.002.424.92
CHAIRAGE22,79252.447.3048.0052.0057.00
CHANGE122,7920.010.120.000.000.00
TENURE122,7924.723.571.754.086.83
CEOAGE22,79248.686.6344.0049.0053.00
CHANGE222,7920.010.090.000.000.00
TENURE222,7923.903.331.332.925.50
Control variables about characteristics (firm level)
BODSIZE22,7928.751.787.009.009.00
BKTMK22,7920.280.140.180.260.36
LEVER22,7920.450.210.290.440.60
FCF22,7920.030.43−0.120.100.27
FSIZE22,79222.051.2521.1821.8922.74
SDSALE22,7920.140.150.050.090.17
SOE%22,7920.080.170.000.000.04
LOSS22,7920.140.340.000.000.00
Z-Score22,7924.535.351.702.875.09
TANGI22,7920.920.090.910.950.98
K-Structure22,7920.150.350.000.020.13
MFE22,7920.100.100.040.070.11
FIRMAGE22,7922.690.402.482.773.00
GAPD22,7920.700.460.001.001.00
HHI_Mean22,7920.300.460.000.001.00
Blockholder 50%22,7920.160.370.000.000.00
SOE22,7920.360.480.000.001.00
CGR22,7920.450.500.000.001.00
GAPS_mean22,7920.390.490.000.001.00
GAPU_mean22,7920.400.490.000.001.00
ChairNCN22,7920.980.131.001.001.00
CEONCN22,7920.980.131.001.001.00
Note(s):

This table presents the descriptive statistics of the main variables for the sample of Chinese firms listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchange in the sample. Variables are defined in  Appendix

Source(s): Authors’ calculations

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