Entrepreneurial ecosystems linked to outcomes
| Main Arguments | Focus* | Main Findings | Methodology | Selected Empirical Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ecosystems foster economic growth and more efficient resource allocation due to knowledge spillovers | Multiple elements | Ecosystems at the country level are linked to economic growth. | Quantitative: fixed effects model (GEM, Penn World Table, World Bank, WEF) | Acs et al. (2018) |
| Entrepreneurial ecosystems contribute to national productivity by promoting Kirznerian and Schumpeterian entrepreneurship. | Quantitative: DEA (IMF, GEM, GCI, Doing Business Index) | Lafuente et al. (2019) | ||
| National entrepreneurial ecosystem configurations with high levels human capital, research and infrastructures lead to high levels of sport-related GDP in European Union countries. | Mixed: fsQCA (Eurostat, GII) | *González-Serrano et al. (2021) | ||
| Entrepreneurial ecosystems must not only produce high-potential start-ups but support their growth, as the quality of entrepreneurship is more relevant than the quantity for economic development. | Quantitative: index development, correlations (Business registration records, USPTO, SDC) | Andrews et al. (2022) | ||
| Entrepreneurial ecosystems, beyond the technological environment, have a positive effect on the performance of ICT cultural industries. | Quantitative: SEM (478 survey responses) | Xie et al. (2019) | ||
| Firms in more consolidated entrepreneurial ecosystems are better able to translate key resources and capabilities into competitiveness. | Quantitative: benefìt-of-t he-doubt analysis (based on 348 firms) | Lafuente et al. (2021b) | ||
| Entrepreneurial ecosystems impact strategic positioning, hereby enabling learning and knowledge spillovers across industry boundaries. | Quantitative: text-based analysis, network visualizations, and topic modeling | Basole et al. (2019) | ||
| Mature ecosystems enable knowledge spillovers, which increase efficient resource allocation. | Quantitative: DEA (DBI, GCI, GEM, World Bank) | Lafuente et al. (2016) | ||
| Regional development through ecosystems that are more mature or have a higher quality | Multiple elements | Positive impact of interaction between company—university—government on entrepreneurial development (greater for more developed regions/ecosystems). | Quantitative: factor analysis (data from 368 Latvian companies) | Erina et al. (2017) |
| Entrepreneurial ecosystems lead to resilience at local levels beyond start-up rates. | Quantitative: OLS estimation (ISTAT and other sources) | Iacobucci and Perugini (2021) | ||
| Entrepreneurial success stories and strong local leadership and governance create synergies, innovation and co-creation. | Qualitative: case study (15 semi-structured interviews) | Grama-Vigouroux et al. (2022) | ||
| Entrepreneurial ecosystems with a high concentration of creative industries support productive entrepreneurship and GVA in the region. | Quantitative: fixed effect regression and random effect estimation (Eurostat) | Audretsch and Belitski (2021) | ||
| The quality of an entrepreneurial ecosystem is vital to the economic performance of a region. | Qualitative: panel interviews, secondary data, document analysis | Spilling (1996) | ||
| Ecosystems support sustainable innovation and addressing grand societal challenges | Multiple elements | Entrepreneurs’ attitudes and beliefs are pivotal lever to the development of a thrivable entrepreneurial ecosystem that is able to face grand challenges. | Mixed: case study (32 survey responses and 16 interview) | Moggi et al. (2022) |
| Entrepreneurial ecosystems (and particularly policy, finance and infrastructural and administrative support), have a positive impact on national levels of sustainable innovation. | Quantitative: PCA and H CA (World Bank, WTO, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNCTAD, IMF, ILOSTAT, IEA, CWN) | Khatami et al. (2022) | ||
| Functioning ecosystems have a positive impact on society | Support organizations | Incubators within entrepreneurial ecosystems can stimulate entrepreneurship with lowering crime, recidivism, and economic inequality, as well as increased social capital, community trust, and optimism as spillovers. | Qualitative: descriptive case study (secondary data) | McDaniel et al. (2021) |
| Multiple elements | Entrepreneurship support in entrepreneurial ecosystems is negatively related to homicide (moderated by education but not start-up creation density). | Quantitative: fixed-effects model (Golden, nationalsurvey.org, FFIEC, FBI, U.S. Census Bureau) | McDaniel et al. (2022) | |
| Measuring the outcome of ecosystems should be tailored to its configuration and the context | Multiple elements | Entrepreneurial ecosystems should not be reduced to standardized measures but evaluated based on their configuration according to the “Varieties of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems” and within their context and state of development. | Qualitative: multiple case study (field visits, 80 semi-structured interviews) | Kapturkiewicz (2021) |
| Ecosystems as a moderator for the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development | Multiple elements | Positive moderating effect of the ecosystem on the relation between entrepreneurship (both Kirznerian and Schumpeterian) on regional economic growth. | Quantitative: OLS regression (Eurostat, GEM, REDI) | Szerb et al. (2019) |
| Ecosystems moderate the impact of regional entrepreneurial outputs on economic development (outcomes). | Quantitative: latent class analysis (GEM) | Content et al. (2020) | ||
| Ecosystems or at least many of their elements do not impact entrepreneurial/economic outcomes | Multiple elements | No moderating effect of entrepreneurial ecosystems on the relation between entrepreneurship and economic growth. | Quantitative: multilevel growth regression, latent class analysis (Eurostat, GEM) | Bruns et al. (2017) |
| Finance | Improving the entrepreneurial ecosystem leads to higher venture capital investments, but links to wider economic benefits (e.g., GDP growth) are inconclusive (most likely due to their complexity). | Quantitative: composite indicators using “benefit of the doubt” (GEI) | Lafuente et al. (2021a) |
| Main Arguments | Focus | Main Findings | Methodology | Selected Empirical Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ecosystems foster economic growth and more efficient resource allocation due to knowledge spillovers | Multiple elements | Ecosystems at the country level are linked to economic growth. | Quantitative: fixed effects model (GEM, Penn World Table, World Bank, WEF) | |
| Entrepreneurial ecosystems contribute to national productivity by promoting Kirznerian and Schumpeterian entrepreneurship. | Quantitative: DEA (IMF, GEM, GCI, Doing Business Index) | |||
| National entrepreneurial ecosystem configurations with high levels human capital, research and infrastructures lead to high levels of sport-related GDP in European Union countries. | Mixed: fsQCA (Eurostat, GII) | |||
| Entrepreneurial ecosystems must not only produce high-potential start-ups but support their growth, as the quality of entrepreneurship is more relevant than the quantity for economic development. | Quantitative: index development, correlations (Business registration records, USPTO, SDC) | |||
| Entrepreneurial ecosystems, beyond the technological environment, have a positive effect on the performance of ICT cultural industries. | Quantitative: SEM (478 survey responses) | |||
| Firms in more consolidated entrepreneurial ecosystems are better able to translate key resources and capabilities into competitiveness. | Quantitative: benefìt-of-t he-doubt analysis (based on 348 firms) | |||
| Entrepreneurial ecosystems impact strategic positioning, hereby enabling learning and knowledge spillovers across industry boundaries. | Quantitative: text-based analysis, network visualizations, and topic modeling | |||
| Mature ecosystems enable knowledge spillovers, which increase efficient resource allocation. | Quantitative: DEA (DBI, GCI, GEM, World Bank) | |||
| Regional development through ecosystems that are more mature or have a higher quality | Multiple elements | Positive impact of interaction between company—university—government on entrepreneurial development (greater for more developed regions/ecosystems). | Quantitative: factor analysis (data from 368 Latvian companies) | |
| Entrepreneurial ecosystems lead to resilience at local levels beyond start-up rates. | Quantitative: OLS estimation (ISTAT and other sources) | |||
| Entrepreneurial success stories and strong local leadership and governance create synergies, innovation and co-creation. | Qualitative: case study (15 semi-structured interviews) | |||
| Entrepreneurial ecosystems with a high concentration of creative industries support productive entrepreneurship and GVA in the region. | Quantitative: fixed effect regression and random effect estimation (Eurostat) | |||
| The quality of an entrepreneurial ecosystem is vital to the economic performance of a region. | Qualitative: panel interviews, secondary data, document analysis | |||
| Ecosystems support sustainable innovation and addressing grand societal challenges | Multiple elements | Entrepreneurs’ attitudes and beliefs are pivotal lever to the development of a thrivable entrepreneurial ecosystem that is able to face grand challenges. | Mixed: case study (32 survey responses and 16 interview) | |
| Entrepreneurial ecosystems (and particularly policy, finance and infrastructural and administrative support), have a positive impact on national levels of sustainable innovation. | Quantitative: PCA and H CA (World Bank, WTO, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNCTAD, IMF, ILOSTAT, IEA, CWN) | |||
| Functioning ecosystems have a positive impact on society | Support organizations | Incubators within entrepreneurial ecosystems can stimulate entrepreneurship with lowering crime, recidivism, and economic inequality, as well as increased social capital, community trust, and optimism as spillovers. | Qualitative: descriptive case study (secondary data) | |
| Multiple elements | Entrepreneurship support in entrepreneurial ecosystems is negatively related to homicide (moderated by education but not start-up creation density). | Quantitative: fixed-effects model (Golden, nationalsurvey.org, FFIEC, FBI, U.S. Census Bureau) | ||
| Measuring the outcome of ecosystems should be tailored to its configuration and the context | Multiple elements | Entrepreneurial ecosystems should not be reduced to standardized measures but evaluated based on their configuration according to the “Varieties of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems” and within their context and state of development. | Qualitative: multiple case study (field visits, 80 semi-structured interviews) | |
| Ecosystems as a moderator for the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development | Multiple elements | Positive moderating effect of the ecosystem on the relation between entrepreneurship (both Kirznerian and Schumpeterian) on regional economic growth. | Quantitative: OLS regression (Eurostat, GEM, REDI) | |
| Ecosystems moderate the impact of regional entrepreneurial outputs on economic development (outcomes). | Quantitative: latent class analysis (GEM) | |||
| Ecosystems or at least many of their elements do not impact entrepreneurial/economic outcomes | Multiple elements | No moderating effect of entrepreneurial ecosystems on the relation between entrepreneurship and economic growth. | Quantitative: multilevel growth regression, latent class analysis (Eurostat, GEM) | |
| Finance | Improving the entrepreneurial ecosystem leads to higher venture capital investments, but links to wider economic benefits (e.g., GDP growth) are inconclusive (most likely due to their complexity). | Quantitative: composite indicators using “benefit of the doubt” (GEI) |
Note: *All studies in this list include a variety of ecosystem elements, but some emphasize the role of particular element(s) as indicated in this column.
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