Table 5.5 Links between entrepreneurial... | Emerald Publishing

Table 5.5

Links between entrepreneurial ecosystems

Main Arguments	Focus^*	Main Findings	Methodology	Selected Empirical Studies
Actors/ideas/ practices/norms travel and migrate between ecosystems (and across spatial or cultural boundaries or language barriers)	Human capital	Ecosystems are part of a wider transnational social field that shapes and is shaped by the circulation of actors, ideologies, texts, and objects in and across near and distant spaces.	Qualitative: ethno-graphic study (14 interviews, visits, other documents)	Fraiberg (2017)
		Remigration, “sunshine return migration,” and out migration influence the emergence and evolution of ecosystems.	Qualitative: 27 interviews and secondary data	Schäfer and Henn (2018)
	Social capital	Local embeddedness and non-local connections are vital to returnee entrepreneurs’ business development.	Qualitative: four narrative interviews	Wang et al. (2022)
	Digitali-zation	Digitally enabled entrepreneurial ecosystems overcome spatial barriers and increase access to resources beyond their boundaries.	Qualitative: 19 interviews	Alaassar et al. (2022)
	Multiple elements	Spillover effects from large metropolitan centers to adjacent peripheral regions.	Quantitative: panel regression (Annual Survey of Industrial Firms of China, National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System of China, China Statistical Yearbook, National Intellectual Property Administration of China, NASA, Chinese Academy of Sciences)	Long et al. (2022)
		Transnational entrepreneurs play a key role in creating momentum and initiating institutional change in less-developed entrepreneurial ecosystems.	Qualitative: 35 interviews	Harima et al. (2021)
Ecosystems are attractive to external entrepreneurs and become hubs	Multiple elements	Entrepreneurial ecosystems that allow immigrant entrepreneurs to rapidly build a network, get reputational benefits from being located in this ecosystem, and provide access to a market for experimentation are attractive to immigrant entrepreneurs and conductive to their performance.	Mixed: QCA (54 semi-structured, in-depth interviews plus follow-up interviews five years later)	March-Chord à et al. (2021)
Bi-directional learning for migrant entrepreneurs and ecosystems	Multiple elements	Home-country entrepreneurial ecosystems have positive effects on immigrants’ business opportunity exploitation and actualization.	Qualitative: content analysis of secondary data	Duan et al. (2021)
		Migration leads to a potential brain drain which limits opportunities in the “home” entrepreneurial ecosystem, yet this can potentially be advantageous when migrants remain in close contact with their home ecosystem through remittances.	Mixed: Multilevel logistic regression (GEM data) and qualitative case study (data for six months, based 70+ interviews)	Schmutzler et al. (2021)
		Entrepreneurs coming to China must be prepared, flexible, associate themselves with reputable partners and take advice from those familiar with business in China to overcome cultural-cognitive barriers; regulative barriers can only be removed by the government.	Qualitative: 43 interviews and observations from five meetings and five seminars	Steinz et al. (2016)

Main Arguments	Focus^*	Main Findings	Methodology	Selected Empirical Studies
Actors/ideas/ practices/norms travel and migrate between ecosystems (and across spatial or cultural boundaries or language barriers)	Human capital	Ecosystems are part of a wider transnational social field that shapes and is shaped by the circulation of actors, ideologies, texts, and objects in and across near and distant spaces.	Qualitative: ethno-graphic study (14 interviews, visits, other documents)	Fraiberg (2017)
		Remigration, “sunshine return migration,” and out migration influence the emergence and evolution of ecosystems.	Qualitative: 27 interviews and secondary data	Schäfer and Henn (2018)
	Social capital	Local embeddedness and non-local connections are vital to returnee entrepreneurs’ business development.	Qualitative: four narrative interviews	Wang et al. (2022)
	Digitali-zation	Digitally enabled entrepreneurial ecosystems overcome spatial barriers and increase access to resources beyond their boundaries.	Qualitative: 19 interviews	Alaassar et al. (2022)
	Multiple elements	Spillover effects from large metropolitan centers to adjacent peripheral regions.	Quantitative: panel regression (Annual Survey of Industrial Firms of China, National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System of China, China Statistical Yearbook, National Intellectual Property Administration of China, NASA, Chinese Academy of Sciences)	Long et al. (2022)
		Transnational entrepreneurs play a key role in creating momentum and initiating institutional change in less-developed entrepreneurial ecosystems.	Qualitative: 35 interviews	Harima et al. (2021)
Ecosystems are attractive to external entrepreneurs and become hubs	Multiple elements	Entrepreneurial ecosystems that allow immigrant entrepreneurs to rapidly build a network, get reputational benefits from being located in this ecosystem, and provide access to a market for experimentation are attractive to immigrant entrepreneurs and conductive to their performance.	Mixed: QCA (54 semi-structured, in-depth interviews plus follow-up interviews five years later)	March-Chord à et al. (2021)
Bi-directional learning for migrant entrepreneurs and ecosystems	Multiple elements	Home-country entrepreneurial ecosystems have positive effects on immigrants’ business opportunity exploitation and actualization.	Qualitative: content analysis of secondary data	Duan et al. (2021)
		Migration leads to a potential brain drain which limits opportunities in the “home” entrepreneurial ecosystem, yet this can potentially be advantageous when migrants remain in close contact with their home ecosystem through remittances.	Mixed: Multilevel logistic regression (GEM data) and qualitative case study (data for six months, based 70+ interviews)	Schmutzler et al. (2021)
		Entrepreneurs coming to China must be prepared, flexible, associate themselves with reputable partners and take advice from those familiar with business in China to overcome cultural-cognitive barriers; regulative barriers can only be removed by the government.	Qualitative: 43 interviews and observations from five meetings and five seminars	Steinz et al. (2016)

Note:* All studies in this list include a variety of ecosystem elements, but some emphasize the role of particular element(s) as indicated in this column.