Descriptive statistics of variables1
| Variable | Full sample | Members | Non-members | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1,247) | (n = 524) | (n = 723) | ||
| Conservation tillage (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.352 (0.466) | 0.391 (0.484) | 0.324 (0.471) | 0.067*** |
| Crop rotation (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.440 (0.485) | 0.471 (0.496) | 0.418 (0.490) | 0.053*** |
| Organic fertilizer (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.290 (0.456) | 0.311 (0.475) | 0.275 (0.469) | 0.036** |
| Drip irrigation (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.060 (0.237) | 0.111 (0.332) | 0.024 (0.131) | 0.087*** |
| Gender of household head (male = 1; female = 0) | 0.860 (0.352) | 0.891 (0.303) | 0.837 (0.373) | 0.054*** |
| Age of household head (years) | 45.75 (12.28) | 45.11 (13.46) | 46.21 (13.31) | −1.099*** |
| Marital status of household head (married = 1; otherwise = 0) | 0.871 (0.339) | 0.880 (0.32) | 0.864 (0.354) | 0.016 |
| Education of household head (years) | 7.822 (9.681) | 8.163 (9.965) | 7.575 (12.262) | 0.588** |
| Number of agricultural labourers in family2 | 2.120 (3.043) | 2.300 (3.550) | 1.990 (3.918) | 0.319** |
| Village cadre (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.026 (0.171) | 0.053 (0.218) | 0.007 (0.139) | 0.046*** |
| Cultivated area (mu) | 6.356 (2.531) | 7.142 (3.156) | 5.786 (2.881) | 1.356*** |
| Land tenure (feeling secure = 1; otherwise = 0) | 0.911 (0.288) | 0.920 (0.274) | 0.905 (0.303) | 0.015 |
| Off-farm employment (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.380 (0.492) | 0.429 (0.502) | 0.310 (0.468) | 0.119*** |
| Annual consumption expenditure per capita (thousand yuan)3 | 15.66 (3.372) | 16.32 (3.963) | 15.18 (3.626) | 1.138*** |
| Unmet credit need (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.030 (0.153) | 0.019 (0.144) | 0.037 (0.170) | −0.018*** |
| Terrain (hilly = 1; plain = 0) | 0.451 (0.492) | 0.459 (0.496) | 0.445 (0.489) | 0.014 |
| Soil fertility (1–5: least fertile to most fertile) | 3.769 (1.430) | 3.861 (1.353) | 3.704 (1.981) | 0.157* |
| Transportation (village on main road = 1; otherwise = 0) | 0.230 (0.424) | 0.239 (0.433) | 0.225 (0.418) | 0.014 |
| Production resource access (physical inputs and credits/loans, yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.879 (0.327) | 0.903 (0.284) | 0.862 (0.355) | 0.041*** |
| Information access (e.g. training, contact person, yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.632 (0.491) | 0.695 (0.637) | 0.586 (0.545) | 0.109*** |
| Peer learning (possible to learn about technologies from others, yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.391 (0.386) | 0.492 (0.422) | 0.318 (0.441) | 0.174*** |
| Self-perceived leadership (expect others to follow own adoption, yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.090 (0.292) | 0.141 (0.353) | 0.053 (0.191) | 0.088*** |
| Distance to agricultural cooperative office (km) | 4.552 (2.543) | 3.38 (2.770) | 5.398 (3.197) | −2.02*** |
| Awareness of cooperative establishment in past five years (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.360 (0.484) | 0.589 (0.488) | 0.194 (0.395) | 0.395*** |
| Variable | Full sample | Members | Non-members | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ( | ( | ( | ||
| Conservation tillage (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.352 (0.466) | 0.391 (0.484) | 0.324 (0.471) | 0.067*** |
| Crop rotation (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.440 (0.485) | 0.471 (0.496) | 0.418 (0.490) | 0.053*** |
| Organic fertilizer (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.290 (0.456) | 0.311 (0.475) | 0.275 (0.469) | 0.036** |
| Drip irrigation (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.060 (0.237) | 0.111 (0.332) | 0.024 (0.131) | 0.087*** |
| Gender of household head (male = 1; female = 0) | 0.860 (0.352) | 0.891 (0.303) | 0.837 (0.373) | 0.054*** |
| Age of household head (years) | 45.75 (12.28) | 45.11 (13.46) | 46.21 (13.31) | −1.099*** |
| Marital status of household head (married = 1; otherwise = 0) | 0.871 (0.339) | 0.880 (0.32) | 0.864 (0.354) | 0.016 |
| Education of household head (years) | 7.822 (9.681) | 8.163 (9.965) | 7.575 (12.262) | 0.588** |
| Number of agricultural labourers in family | 2.120 (3.043) | 2.300 (3.550) | 1.990 (3.918) | 0.319** |
| Village cadre (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.026 (0.171) | 0.053 (0.218) | 0.007 (0.139) | 0.046*** |
| Cultivated area (mu) | 6.356 (2.531) | 7.142 (3.156) | 5.786 (2.881) | 1.356*** |
| Land tenure (feeling secure = 1; otherwise = 0) | 0.911 (0.288) | 0.920 (0.274) | 0.905 (0.303) | 0.015 |
| Off-farm employment (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.380 (0.492) | 0.429 (0.502) | 0.310 (0.468) | 0.119*** |
| Annual consumption expenditure per capita (thousand yuan) | 15.66 (3.372) | 16.32 (3.963) | 15.18 (3.626) | 1.138*** |
| Unmet credit need (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.030 (0.153) | 0.019 (0.144) | 0.037 (0.170) | −0.018*** |
| Terrain (hilly = 1; plain = 0) | 0.451 (0.492) | 0.459 (0.496) | 0.445 (0.489) | 0.014 |
| Soil fertility (1–5: least fertile to most fertile) | 3.769 (1.430) | 3.861 (1.353) | 3.704 (1.981) | 0.157* |
| Transportation (village on main road = 1; otherwise = 0) | 0.230 (0.424) | 0.239 (0.433) | 0.225 (0.418) | 0.014 |
| Production resource access (physical inputs and credits/loans, yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.879 (0.327) | 0.903 (0.284) | 0.862 (0.355) | 0.041*** |
| Information access (e.g. training, contact person, yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.632 (0.491) | 0.695 (0.637) | 0.586 (0.545) | 0.109*** |
| Peer learning (possible to learn about technologies from others, yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.391 (0.386) | 0.492 (0.422) | 0.318 (0.441) | 0.174*** |
| Self-perceived leadership (expect others to follow own adoption, yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.090 (0.292) | 0.141 (0.353) | 0.053 (0.191) | 0.088*** |
| Distance to agricultural cooperative office (km) | 4.552 (2.543) | 3.38 (2.770) | 5.398 (3.197) | −2.02*** |
| Awareness of cooperative establishment in past five years (yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.360 (0.484) | 0.589 (0.488) | 0.194 (0.395) | 0.395*** |
Standard deviations are reported in parentheses next to mean values. *, ** and *** respectively indicate statistical significance at 10%, 5% and 1% levels
Headcount of family members aged 16 or above with agricultural production as the main profession
Average exchange rate in 2023 is 1 Chinese yuan = 0.142 US dollar
Sharing content requires targeting cookies to be enabled. Please update your cookie preferences to use this feature.