Table 3 Falsification tests: coefficient...

Table 3

Falsification tests: coefficient estimates of agricultural cooperative membership through alternative procedures (n = 1,247)¹

Test procedure	Conservation tillage	Crop rotation	Organic fertilizer	Drip irrigation	First-stage
Test procedure	Conservation tillage	Crop rotation	Organic fertilizer	Drip irrigation	F-statistic
2SLS (instrument 1: distance to agricultural cooperative office)	0.041 (0.020)^**	0.016 (0.007)^**	0.008 (0.004)^*	0.034 (0.011)^***	13.29 (0.000)^***
2SLS (instrument 2: awareness of cooperative establishment in past five years)	0.045 (0.019)^**	0.010 (0.005)^**	0.010 (0.004)^**	0.059 (0.026)^**	11.74 (0.000)^***
2SLS (Lewbel’s heteroskedasticity-based constructed instrument)	0.029 (0.012)^**	0.017 (0.009)^*	0.005 (0.003)^*	0.030 (0.013)^**	19.83 (0.000)^***
OLS (without three potentially endogenous covariates: village cadre, land tenure and off-farm employment)	0.057 (0.010)^***	0.020 (0.006)^***	0.013 (0.005)^***	0.031 (0.012)^**
Marginal effect from logit estimation	0.039 (0.016)^**	0.015 (0.007)^**	0.009 (0.004)^**	0.051 (0.013)^***

Test procedure	Conservation tillage	Crop rotation	Organic fertilizer	Drip irrigation	First-stage
Test procedure	Conservation tillage	Crop rotation	Organic fertilizer	Drip irrigation	F-statistic
2SLS (instrument 1: distance to agricultural cooperative office)	0.041 (0.020)^**	0.016 (0.007)^**	0.008 (0.004)^*	0.034 (0.011)^***	13.29 (0.000)^***
2SLS (instrument 2: awareness of cooperative establishment in past five years)	0.045 (0.019)^**	0.010 (0.005)^**	0.010 (0.004)^**	0.059 (0.026)^**	11.74 (0.000)^***
2SLS (Lewbel’s heteroskedasticity-based constructed instrument)	0.029 (0.012)^**	0.017 (0.009)^*	0.005 (0.003)^*	0.030 (0.013)^**	19.83 (0.000)^***
OLS (without three potentially endogenous covariates: village cadre, land tenure and off-farm employment)	0.057 (0.010)^***	0.020 (0.006)^***	0.013 (0.005)^***	0.031 (0.012)^**
Marginal effect from logit estimation	0.039 (0.016)^**	0.015 (0.007)^**	0.009 (0.004)^**	0.051 (0.013)^***

Standard errors are reported in parentheses. ^*, ^** and ^*** respectively indicate statistical significance at 10%, 5% and 1% levels

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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