Table 5 Mediation model estimates with...

Table 5

Mediation model estimates with instrumental variables (n = 1,247)¹

		Conservation tillage			Crop rotation
		Equation (2) ²	Equation (3) ³	Indirect effect⁴	Equation (2) ²	Equation (3) ³	Indirect effect⁴
Instrument 1: distance to agricultural cooperative office	Cooperative membership	0.040^* (0.027)			0.003 (0.005)
	Productive resource access	0.042 (0.037)	0.057 (0.081)	0.002 (0.006)	0.005^** (0.002)	0.057 (0.081)	0.000 (0.001)
	Information access	0.016 (0.020)	0.051^** (0.023)	0.001 (0.004)	0.033 (0.023)	0.051^** (0.023)	0.001 (0.003)
	Peer learning	0.019^** (0.007)	0.156^*** (0.032)	0.003^* (0.002)	0.001 (0.004)	0.156^*** (0.032)	0.000 (0.006)
	Self-perceived leadership	0.009^*** (0.003)	0.113^*** (0.029)	0.001^*** (0.000)	0.005^** (0.003)	0.113^*** (0.029)	0.001^** (0.000)
Instrument 2: awareness of cooperative establishment in past five years	Cooperative membership	0.028^*** (0.008)			0.001 (0.002)
	Productive resource access	0.022 (0.015)	0.051^* (0.029)	0.001 (0.002)	0.026 (0.071)	0.051^* (0.029)	0.001 (0.003)
	Information access	0.011^** (0.005)	0.053^*** (0.013)	0.001^* (0.000)	−0.004 (0.009)	0.053^*** (0.013)	−0.000 (0.000)
	Peer learning	0.022^*** (0.006)	0.178^** (0.074)	0.004^** (0.002)	0.016^** (0.008)	0.178^** (0.074)	0.003^* (0.002)
	Self-perceived leadership	0.007^*** (0.002)	0.144^** (0.066)	0.001^** (0.000)	0.002^** (0.001)	0.144^** (0.066)	0.000^** (0.000)
Lewbel’s (2012) heteroskedasticity-based constructed instrument	Cooperative membership	0.013^** (0.005)			0.003 (0.021)
	Productive resource access	0.030^* (0.016)	0.092 (0.077)	0.003 (0.003)	−0.005 (0.026)	0.092 (0.077)	−0.000 (0.002)
	Information access	0.024 (0.019)	0.084^* (0.046)	0.002 (0.001)	0.004 (0.014)	0.084^* (0.046)	0.000 (0.000)
	Peer learning	0.013^** (0.007)	0.139^** (0.060)	0.002^** (0.000)	0.007^** (0.003)	0.139^** (0.060)	0.001^** (0.000)
	Self-perceived leadership	0.007^*** (0.002)	0.151^*** (0.046)	0.001^*** (0.000)	0.003^** (0.001)	0.151^*** (0.046)	0.000^** (0.000)

		Conservation tillage			Crop rotation
		Equation (2) ²	Equation (3) ³	Indirect effect⁴	Equation (2) ²	Equation (3) ³	Indirect effect⁴
Instrument 1: distance to agricultural cooperative office	Cooperative membership	0.040^* (0.027)			0.003 (0.005)
	Productive resource access	0.042 (0.037)	0.057 (0.081)	0.002 (0.006)	0.005^** (0.002)	0.057 (0.081)	0.000 (0.001)
	Information access	0.016 (0.020)	0.051^** (0.023)	0.001 (0.004)	0.033 (0.023)	0.051^** (0.023)	0.001 (0.003)
	Peer learning	0.019^** (0.007)	0.156^*** (0.032)	0.003^* (0.002)	0.001 (0.004)	0.156^*** (0.032)	0.000 (0.006)
	Self-perceived leadership	0.009^*** (0.003)	0.113^*** (0.029)	0.001^*** (0.000)	0.005^** (0.003)	0.113^*** (0.029)	0.001^** (0.000)
Instrument 2: awareness of cooperative establishment in past five years	Cooperative membership	0.028^*** (0.008)			0.001 (0.002)
	Productive resource access	0.022 (0.015)	0.051^* (0.029)	0.001 (0.002)	0.026 (0.071)	0.051^* (0.029)	0.001 (0.003)
	Information access	0.011^** (0.005)	0.053^*** (0.013)	0.001^* (0.000)	−0.004 (0.009)	0.053^*** (0.013)	−0.000 (0.000)
	Peer learning	0.022^*** (0.006)	0.178^** (0.074)	0.004^** (0.002)	0.016^** (0.008)	0.178^** (0.074)	0.003^* (0.002)
	Self-perceived leadership	0.007^*** (0.002)	0.144^** (0.066)	0.001^** (0.000)	0.002^** (0.001)	0.144^** (0.066)	0.000^** (0.000)
Lewbel’s (2012) heteroskedasticity-based constructed instrument	Cooperative membership	0.013^** (0.005)			0.003 (0.021)
	Productive resource access	0.030^* (0.016)	0.092 (0.077)	0.003 (0.003)	−0.005 (0.026)	0.092 (0.077)	−0.000 (0.002)
	Information access	0.024 (0.019)	0.084^* (0.046)	0.002 (0.001)	0.004 (0.014)	0.084^* (0.046)	0.000 (0.000)
	Peer learning	0.013^** (0.007)	0.139^** (0.060)	0.002^** (0.000)	0.007^** (0.003)	0.139^** (0.060)	0.001^** (0.000)
	Self-perceived leadership	0.007^*** (0.002)	0.151^*** (0.046)	0.001^*** (0.000)	0.003^** (0.001)	0.151^*** (0.046)	0.000^** (0.000)

		Organic fertilizer			Drip irrigation
		Equation (2) ²	Equation (3) ³	Indirect effect⁴	Equation (2) ²	Equation (3) ³	Indirect effect⁴
Instrument 1: distance to agricultural cooperative office	Cooperative membership	0.005^* (0.003)			0.004^* (0.002)
	Productive resource access	−0.019^* (0.011)	0.057 (0.081)	−0.001 (0.002)	0.014 (0.020)	0.057 (0.081)	0.001 (0.003)
	Information access	0.014 (0.009)	0.051^** (0.023)	0.001 (0.000)	0.040^*** (0.009)	0.051^** (0.023)	0.002^** (0.001)
	Peer learning	0.006^*** (0.002)	0.156^*** (0.032)	0.001^* (0.000)	0.041^*** (0.012)	0.156^*** (0.032)	0.006^*** (0.002)
	Self-perceived leadership	0.034^*** (0.010)	0.113^*** (0.029)	0.004^*** (0.002)	0.002^* (0.001)	0.113^*** (0.029)	0.000^* (0.000)
Instrument 2: awareness of cooperative establishment in past five years	Cooperative membership	0.005 (0.004)			0.016^** (0.005)
	Productive resource access	0.002^** (0.001)	0.051^*** (0.017)	0.000^** (0.001)	0.022 (0.065)	0.051^* (0.029)	0.001 (0.002)
	Information access	0.011 (0.036)	0.053^*** (0.013)	0.001 (0.001)	0.023 (0.027)	0.053^*** (0.013)	0.001 (0.002)
	Peer learning	0.016^*** (0.004)	0.178^** (0.074)	0.003^** (0.001)	0.049^*** (0.012)	0.178^** (0.074)	0.009^** (0.004)
	Self-perceived leadership	0.003 (0.002)	0.144^** (0.066)	0.000 (0.000)	0.001 (0.019)	0.144^** (0.066)	0.000 (0.001)
Lewbel’s (2012) heteroskedasticity-based constructed instrument	Cooperative membership	0.001 (0.008)			0.022 (0.025)
	Productive resource access	0.005^* (0.003)	0.092 (0.077)	0.000 (0.002)	0.017^*** (0.003)	0.092 (0.077)	0.002 (0.004)
	Information access	−0.004 (0.021)	0.084^* (0.046)	−0.001 (0.032)	0.010^** (0.004)	0.084^* (0.046)	0.001^* (0.001)
	Peer learning	0.006^*** (0.001)	0.139^** (0.060)	0.001^** (0.001)	0.088^*** (0.019)	0.139^** (0.060)	0.012^** (0.005)
	Self-perceived leadership	0.003^* (0.002)	0.151^*** (0.046)	0.000^** (0.000)	0.004^*** (0.001)	0.151^*** (0.046)	0.001^** (0.000)

		Organic fertilizer			Drip irrigation
		Equation (2) ²	Equation (3) ³	Indirect effect⁴	Equation (2) ²	Equation (3) ³	Indirect effect⁴
Instrument 1: distance to agricultural cooperative office	Cooperative membership	0.005^* (0.003)			0.004^* (0.002)
	Productive resource access	−0.019^* (0.011)	0.057 (0.081)	−0.001 (0.002)	0.014 (0.020)	0.057 (0.081)	0.001 (0.003)
	Information access	0.014 (0.009)	0.051^** (0.023)	0.001 (0.000)	0.040^*** (0.009)	0.051^** (0.023)	0.002^** (0.001)
	Peer learning	0.006^*** (0.002)	0.156^*** (0.032)	0.001^* (0.000)	0.041^*** (0.012)	0.156^*** (0.032)	0.006^*** (0.002)
	Self-perceived leadership	0.034^*** (0.010)	0.113^*** (0.029)	0.004^*** (0.002)	0.002^* (0.001)	0.113^*** (0.029)	0.000^* (0.000)
Instrument 2: awareness of cooperative establishment in past five years	Cooperative membership	0.005 (0.004)			0.016^** (0.005)
	Productive resource access	0.002^** (0.001)	0.051^*** (0.017)	0.000^** (0.001)	0.022 (0.065)	0.051^* (0.029)	0.001 (0.002)
	Information access	0.011 (0.036)	0.053^*** (0.013)	0.001 (0.001)	0.023 (0.027)	0.053^*** (0.013)	0.001 (0.002)
	Peer learning	0.016^*** (0.004)	0.178^** (0.074)	0.003^** (0.001)	0.049^*** (0.012)	0.178^** (0.074)	0.009^** (0.004)
	Self-perceived leadership	0.003 (0.002)	0.144^** (0.066)	0.000 (0.000)	0.001 (0.019)	0.144^** (0.066)	0.000 (0.001)
Lewbel’s (2012) heteroskedasticity-based constructed instrument	Cooperative membership	0.001 (0.008)			0.022 (0.025)
	Productive resource access	0.005^* (0.003)	0.092 (0.077)	0.000 (0.002)	0.017^*** (0.003)	0.092 (0.077)	0.002 (0.004)
	Information access	−0.004 (0.021)	0.084^* (0.046)	−0.001 (0.032)	0.010^** (0.004)	0.084^* (0.046)	0.001^* (0.001)
	Peer learning	0.006^*** (0.001)	0.139^** (0.060)	0.001^** (0.001)	0.088^*** (0.019)	0.139^** (0.060)	0.012^** (0.005)
	Self-perceived leadership	0.003^* (0.002)	0.151^*** (0.046)	0.000^** (0.000)	0.004^*** (0.001)	0.151^*** (0.046)	0.001^** (0.000)

Standard errors are reported in parentheses. ^*, ^** and ^*** respectively indicate statistical significance at 10%, 5% and 1% levels

The coefficient estimates in these columns come from a single 2SLS estimation of Eq. (2), where four mediators are simultaneously incorporated

Each coefficient estimate in these columns comes from a separate 2SLS regression of one mediator against cooperative membership and a set of controls

⁴

Indirect effects are computed as the product of mediator coefficient in Eq. (2) and cooperative membership coefficient in Eq. (3). Bootstrapped (5,000 times) standard errors apply

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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