Table A1 Characteristics of the studies...

Table A1

Characteristics of the studies of skilled migrant and self-initiated expatriate women

Study number	Women only or gender	Research method	Host country	Home country	Marital status	Children
Skilled migrant women (38 studies)
1	Gender	Qual	France	Lebanon	50% married, 50% single	Most. have children
2	Women	Mixed Long	Australia	China, Hong Kong	Some married, some single	Some are mothers of young children
3	Women	Quant	United Kingdom (UK)	Poland	40% married	30% have 1 or > dependent children
4	Women	Mixed Long	Canada	Asia, Eastern Europe, Africa	All married. 68% are dependent applicants	75% have children.21% have young children
5	Women	Quant Long	Canada	Not Europe countries; 11 regions	Married	Number of children
6	Gender	Mixed	Europe	Germany	–	–
7	Gender	Qual	Europe	Germany	–	–
8	Gender	Quant Long	Israel	Former Soviet Union (FSU)	56% married	–
9	Gender	Qual	United States (US)	India	92% of first generation married	92% of first generation
10	Gender	Quant Long	Israel	Europe, Americas, FSU, Asia, Africa	Married 38% 76% 67% 74%	Have children 34% 67% 30% 64%
11	Gender	Mixed	Australia	Nine countries (e.g. UK, China)	–	–
12	Women	Qual	Australia	UK, China, India, Philippines	13 women on spouse/partner visa	–
13	Women	Qual	Australia	UK, China, India, Philippines	13 women on spouse partner visa
14	Women	Qual	Iceland	Africa, Asia, Latin America	8 married, 4 single or divorced	83% (10) had children
15	Women	Qual	US	Turkey	11 married	Some with children
16	Women	Qual	Australia	China	12 married	5 children
17	Women	Qual	US	Turkey	All married	All mothers
18	Women	Quant	Israel	Ethiopia	All married	Five mothers
19	Gender	Qual	US	Asian India	–	–
20	Gender	Mixed	UK	Sri Lanka	Most SM women married	Some have children
21	Gender	Quant Long	Canada	Many	–	–
22	Women	Qual	UK	Ghania, 3	–	–
23	Women	Qual	US	3 Sub-Saharan Africa countries
24	Women	Qual	US	India	All married. 22 dependents of male visa holders	25 mothers; 25 children
25	Gender	Qual	Norway	Many	–	–
26	Gender	Qual	Canada	Many	–	0 to 5 children
27	Gender	Qual	Netherlands or UK	India	6 married, 5 single	Some children
28	Women	Qual	Switzerland	France, US, Canada	16 married, 2 single	7 with children; 7 childless singles
29	Women	Qual Long	Canada	Venezuela, China, Russia, South Africa (SA), Korea	5 married, 1 single	3 mothers with one child each
30	Women	Qual	Canada	26 countries	36 married	24 had school-aged children
31	Gender	Quant	UK	Commonwealth countries	–	–
32	Women	Qual	NZ, Iceland	Developing countries	18 married, 7 singles	–
33	Women	Mixed	US	Asian India	All married	All have children
34	Gender	Mixed	Switzerland	Non-European, European countries	Married	Have children
35	Gender	Mixed	Switzerland	Non-European European countries	Married	All have dependent children
36	Gender	Qual	Australia, NZ	UK, US, Canada, 65 European, 4 developing countries	Some married	Some had children
37	Women	Qual	UK	Developed and developing countries	6 married, 1 single, 2 divorced	4 had children
38	Gender	Mixed, Long	Canada	China	Married, dual career couple	All had single child
Self-initiated expatriate women (26 studies)
39	Gender	Quant	46 countries	39 countries	–	–
40	Gender	Quant Long	US	India	Married	–
41	Women	Quant	Saudi Arabia	All world regions	134 (65%) married, 72 singles	Children
42	Women	Qual	UK	China	7 married	Children 0 to 3
43	Gender	Qual	UK	Australia	Generally single	–
44	Women	Qual	United Arab Emirates (UAE)	Non-Gulf Arab countries	8 married, 2 single mothers	Mothers of dependent children
45	Women	Qual	Cayman Islands, UK	UK, NZ, Philippines	2 married, 4 singles	Six childless
46	Gender	Mixed	Australia	SA	–	–
47	Women	Qual	UAE	Western countries, Middle East, North Africa Asia	32 married, 18 single, 3 divorced, 3 widowed	24 married/children 13 childless singles; 6 married/childless
48	Gender	Qual	Up to 14 countries	Netherlands, UK, Canada, Germany, US, China, others	–	Most partners had children
49	Gender	Mixed	Estonia	Finland, UK Norway, Ireland, US, others	Cohabitation	Number of children
50	Women	Qual Long	China	12 Western (e.g. US, UK, Canada, Switzerland, Germany)	Ten had partner; 1 widowed, 4 divorced, 7 married; 10 singles	Seven had school-aged children
51	Gender	Qual	NZ	UK, Asia	Three married, 4 singles, 1 widow	Some women had children on return
52	Gender	Qual	UK	NZ	Some married abroad, rest singles	–
53	Women	Qual	NZ	UK, Asia, Other	–	–
54	Women	Qual	NZ	UK, Asia, Other	–	Adult non-dependent children
55	Women	Qual	Japan	US, China, Turkey, other	Some married, some trailing spouses	Almost no dependent children in Japan and China, several had children in Turkey
56	Women	Qual	UAE	US, Australia, Canada, UK, Ireland, France	–	–
57	Gender	Qual	Range of countries including European	Finland	Some married	Some have children
58	Women	Qual	UAE	Australia, Canada, NZ, SA, UK, US	21 married, 9 singles	Some have children
59	Women	Mixed	Singapore	Japan	All single	No children with them
60	Women	Quant	Australia, UK, US, Ireland, other countries	NZ	Many married or partnered	Some had dependents
61	Women	Quant	Norway	Many	Some had partner vs single	Some had one dependent child <18
62	Gender	Qual	US	Germany, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Austria	73% married	Few had children
63	Women	Qual	Egypt, Korea, US, India NZ, Australia, Germany, Argentina	Singapore, Netherland, UK, Germany, France	All single	All childless
64	Women	Qual	Japan	Developing countries, e.g. Cambodia, China, Thailand, Vietnam	Some married	Some have children

Study number	Women only or gender	Research method	Host country	Home country	Marital status	Children
Skilled migrant women (38 studies)
1	Gender	Qual	France	Lebanon	50% married, 50% single	Most. have children
2	Women	Mixed Long	Australia	China, Hong Kong	Some married, some single	Some are mothers of young children
3	Women	Quant	United Kingdom (UK)	Poland	40% married	30% have 1 or > dependent children
4	Women	Mixed Long	Canada	Asia, Eastern Europe, Africa	All married. 68% are dependent applicants	75% have children.21% have young children
5	Women	Quant Long	Canada	Not Europe countries; 11 regions	Married	Number of children
6	Gender	Mixed	Europe	Germany	–	–
7	Gender	Qual	Europe	Germany	–	–
8	Gender	Quant Long	Israel	Former Soviet Union (FSU)	56% married	–
9	Gender	Qual	United States (US)	India	92% of first generation married	92% of first generation
10	Gender	Quant Long	Israel	Europe, Americas, FSU, Asia, Africa	Married 38% 76% 67% 74%	Have children 34% 67% 30% 64%
11	Gender	Mixed	Australia	Nine countries (e.g. UK, China)	–	–
12	Women	Qual	Australia	UK, China, India, Philippines	13 women on spouse/partner visa	–
13	Women	Qual	Australia	UK, China, India, Philippines	13 women on spouse partner visa
14	Women	Qual	Iceland	Africa, Asia, Latin America	8 married, 4 single or divorced	83% (10) had children
15	Women	Qual	US	Turkey	11 married	Some with children
16	Women	Qual	Australia	China	12 married	5 children
17	Women	Qual	US	Turkey	All married	All mothers
18	Women	Quant	Israel	Ethiopia	All married	Five mothers
19	Gender	Qual	US	Asian India	–	–
20	Gender	Mixed	UK	Sri Lanka	Most SM women married	Some have children
21	Gender	Quant Long	Canada	Many	–	–
22	Women	Qual	UK	Ghania, 3	–	–
23	Women	Qual	US	3 Sub-Saharan Africa countries
24	Women	Qual	US	India	All married. 22 dependents of male visa holders	25 mothers; 25 children
25	Gender	Qual	Norway	Many	–	–
26	Gender	Qual	Canada	Many	–	0 to 5 children
27	Gender	Qual	Netherlands or UK	India	6 married, 5 single	Some children
28	Women	Qual	Switzerland	France, US, Canada	16 married, 2 single	7 with children; 7 childless singles
29	Women	Qual Long	Canada	Venezuela, China, Russia, South Africa (SA), Korea	5 married, 1 single	3 mothers with one child each
30	Women	Qual	Canada	26 countries	36 married	24 had school-aged children
31	Gender	Quant	UK	Commonwealth countries	–	–
32	Women	Qual	NZ, Iceland	Developing countries	18 married, 7 singles	–
33	Women	Mixed	US	Asian India	All married	All have children
34	Gender	Mixed	Switzerland	Non-European, European countries	Married	Have children
35	Gender	Mixed	Switzerland	Non-European European countries	Married	All have dependent children
36	Gender	Qual	Australia, NZ	UK, US, Canada, 65 European, 4 developing countries	Some married	Some had children
37	Women	Qual	UK	Developed and developing countries	6 married, 1 single, 2 divorced	4 had children
38	Gender	Mixed, Long	Canada	China	Married, dual career couple	All had single child
Self-initiated expatriate women (26 studies)
39	Gender	Quant	46 countries	39 countries	–	–
40	Gender	Quant Long	US	India	Married	–
41	Women	Quant	Saudi Arabia	All world regions	134 (65%) married, 72 singles	Children
42	Women	Qual	UK	China	7 married	Children 0 to 3
43	Gender	Qual	UK	Australia	Generally single	–
44	Women	Qual	United Arab Emirates (UAE)	Non-Gulf Arab countries	8 married, 2 single mothers	Mothers of dependent children
45	Women	Qual	Cayman Islands, UK	UK, NZ, Philippines	2 married, 4 singles	Six childless
46	Gender	Mixed	Australia	SA	–	–
47	Women	Qual	UAE	Western countries, Middle East, North Africa Asia	32 married, 18 single, 3 divorced, 3 widowed	24 married/children 13 childless singles; 6 married/childless
48	Gender	Qual	Up to 14 countries	Netherlands, UK, Canada, Germany, US, China, others	–	Most partners had children
49	Gender	Mixed	Estonia	Finland, UK Norway, Ireland, US, others	Cohabitation	Number of children
50	Women	QualLong	China	12 Western (e.g. US, UK, Canada, Switzerland, Germany)	Ten had partner; 1 widowed, 4 divorced, 7 married; 10 singles	Seven had school-aged children
51	Gender	Qual	NZ	UK, Asia	Three married, 4 singles, 1 widow	Some women had children on return
52	Gender	Qual	UK	NZ	Some married abroad, rest singles	–
53	Women	Qual	NZ	UK, Asia, Other	–	–
54	Women	Qual	NZ	UK, Asia, Other	–	Adult non-dependent children
55	Women	Qual	Japan	US, China, Turkey, other	Some married, some trailing spouses	Almost no dependent children in Japan and China, several had children in Turkey
56	Women	Qual	UAE	US, Australia, Canada, UK, Ireland, France	–	–
57	Gender	Qual	Range of countries including European	Finland	Some married	Some have children
58	Women	Qual	UAE	Australia, Canada, NZ, SA, UK, US	21 married, 9 singles	Some have children
59	Women	Mixed	Singapore	Japan	All single	No children with them
60	Women	Quant	Australia, UK, US, Ireland, other countries	NZ	Many married or partnered	Some had dependents
61	Women	Quant	Norway	Many	Some had partner vs single	Some had one dependent child <18
62	Gender	Qual	US	Germany, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Austria	73% married	Few had children
63	Women	Qual	Egypt, Korea, US, India NZ, Australia, Germany, Argentina	Singapore, Netherland, UK, Germany, France	All single	All childless
64	Women	Qual	Japan	Developing countries, e.g. Cambodia, China, Thailand, Vietnam	Some married	Some have children

Note(s): The studies are numbered 1 to 38 (SMs) and 39 to 64 (SIEs), corresponding to their superscript numbers in the reference list of the journal article. Almost all host countries are developed countries. Qual = Qualitative; Quant = quantitative; Mixed = mixed design; Long = longitudinal design

Source(s): Author’s own work

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Table A2

Description of characteristics of sample of 38 studies of skilled migrant (SM) women and 26 studies of self-initiated expatriate (SIE) women

Study sample characteristics	SM women	SIE women
Migration tenure
Early migration in first 6 months	45%	70%
Time in the host country	10.36 years	5.94 years
Family
Married/cohabiting	71%	57%
Dependent children	71%	65% (one child)
Childless singles	43%	56%
Trailing partner/dependent applicant	59%	33%
Employment
First job in host country	16%	27%
Average tenure in host country	5.73 years	5.10 years
First career step (e.g. entering the labor market)	18%	31%
Average age	43 years	41 years
Education: tertiary degree or higher	97%	92%
Research methodology
Longitudinal predictive study	9 SM (11%)	1 SIE (17%)
Research design
Qualitative design	23 SM (53%)	18 SIE (65%)
Mixed design	9 SM (16%)	3 SIE (12%)
Quantitative design	9 SM (32%)	5 SIE (23%)
Total	100%	100%

Study sample characteristics	SM women	SIE women
Migration tenure
Early migration in first 6 months	45%	70%
Time in the host country	10.36 years	5.94 years
Family
Married/cohabiting	71%	57%
Dependent children	71%	65% (one child)
Childless singles	43%	56%
Trailing partner/dependent applicant	59%	33%
Employment
First job in host country	16%	27%
Average tenure in host country	5.73 years	5.10 years
First career step (e.g. entering the labor market)	18%	31%
Average age	43 years	41 years
Education: tertiary degree or higher	97%	92%
Research methodology
Longitudinal predictive study	9 SM (11%)	1 SIE (17%)
Research design
Qualitative design	23 SM (53%)	18 SIE (65%)
Mixed design	9 SM (16%)	3 SIE (12%)
Quantitative design	9 SM (32%)	5 SIE (23%)
Total	100%	100%

Note(s): The information in the table arises from two researchers coding the sample characteristics given in each empirical study's method section in their journal articles

Source(s): Author’s own work

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