Panel unit-root test results: developed countries
| Method | Setting (inclusion) | No. of RE patents | RE trade | RE exports | RE imports | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L | D | L | D | L | D | L | D | |||
| Common | LLC | Constant | −5.9*** | −21.6*** | −28.7*** | −56.8*** | −32.6*** | −75.9*** | −22.5*** | −32.7*** |
| Constant/Trend | −1.7** | −16.7*** | −47.7*** | −44.3*** | −65.0*** | −61.1*** | −28.3*** | −22.1*** | ||
| Breitung | Constant | −7.3*** | −24.2*** | −1.4* | −12.8*** | −1.3* | −12.7*** | −2.1** | −12.9*** | |
| Constant/Trend | −3.2*** | −18.4*** | 0.0 | −13.0*** | 0.1 | −11.9*** | −0.2 | −12.1*** | ||
| Individual | IPS | Constant | −10.7*** | −27.4*** | −9.8*** | −26.6*** | −9.8*** | −26.3*** | −9.7*** | −26.6*** |
| Constant/Trend | −13.8*** | −27.6*** | −12.7*** | −27.0*** | −12.5*** | −26.8*** | −12.9*** | −27.1*** | ||
| ADF-Fisher | Constant | −7.5*** | −30.6*** | −6.9*** | −30.5*** | −7.2*** | −30.2*** | −6.9*** | −29.9*** | |
| Constant/Trend | −4.2*** | −27.2*** | −7.4*** | −27.9*** | −6.8*** | −27.8*** | −6.5*** | −27.1*** | ||
| PP-Fisher | Constant | −13.5*** | −48.8*** | −13.2*** | −45.3*** | −13.3*** | −45.0*** | −13.2*** | −45.3*** | |
| Constant/Trend | −13.3*** | −45.9*** | −14.1*** | −43.0*** | −13.8*** | −42.8*** | −13.5*** | −43.0*** | ||
| Method | Setting (inclusion) | No. of | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L | D | L | D | L | D | L | D | |||
| Common | Constant | −5.9 | −21.6 | −28.7 | −56.8 | −32.6 | −75.9 | −22.5 | −32.7 | |
| Constant/Trend | −1.7 | −16.7 | −47.7 | −44.3 | −65.0 | −61.1 | −28.3 | −22.1 | ||
| Breitung | Constant | −7.3 | −24.2 | −1.4 | −12.8 | −1.3 | −12.7 | −2.1 | −12.9 | |
| Constant/Trend | −3.2 | −18.4 | 0.0 | −13.0 | 0.1 | −11.9 | −0.2 | −12.1 | ||
| Individual | Constant | −10.7 | −27.4 | −9.8 | −26.6 | −9.8 | −26.3 | −9.7 | −26.6 | |
| Constant/Trend | −13.8 | −27.6 | −12.7 | −27.0 | −12.5 | −26.8 | −12.9 | −27.1 | ||
| ADF-Fisher | Constant | −7.5 | −30.6 | −6.9 | −30.5 | −7.2 | −30.2 | −6.9 | −29.9 | |
| Constant/Trend | −4.2 | −27.2 | −7.4 | −27.9 | −6.8 | −27.8 | −6.5 | −27.1 | ||
| PP-Fisher | Constant | −13.5 | −48.8 | −13.2 | −45.3 | −13.3 | −45.0 | −13.2 | −45.3 | |
| Constant/Trend | −13.3 | −45.9 | −14.1 | −43.0 | −13.8 | −42.8 | −13.5 | −43.0 | ||
1) L refers to level and D refers to first differenced variable. 2) ***significant at 1%, **significant at 5%, *significant at 10%