Variable definition and sources
| Variable name | Definition | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Carbon emission | Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement scaled by per capita. We use the log format | World development indicators https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators# |
| Climate risk | The extent to which countries have suffered direct loss associated with extreme weather-related events such as storms, floods and heat waves | Germanwatch climate risk index https://www.germanwatch.org/en/cri |
| Economic development | Gross domestic product divided by the population (log) | World development indicators https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators# |
| Economic growth | Annualised GDP growth rate | World development indicator https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators# |
| International trade | The sum of import and export as a percentage of gross domestic product | World development indicators https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators# |
| Foreign direct investment | The inflow of investments from abroad as a percentage of gross domestic product | World development indicators https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators# |
| Population | The estimated number of people living in the country | World development indicators https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators# |
| Urban population | The estimated number of people living in the urban cities of the country | World development indicators https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators# |
| Population growth | Annualised estimate changes in the population | World development indicators https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators# |
| Industrialisation | It comprises value added in mining, manufacturing (also reported as a separate subgroup), construction, electricity, water and gas. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs | World development indicators https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators# |
| Industry growth | Annual growth rate for industrial (including construction) value added based on constant local currency | World development indicators https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators# |
| Institutional quality | The average of the six world governance indicators | World development indicators https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators# |
| Variable name | Definition | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Carbon emission | Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement scaled by per capita. We use the log format | World development indicators |
| Climate risk | The extent to which countries have suffered direct loss associated with extreme weather-related events such as storms, floods and heat waves | Germanwatch climate risk index |
| Economic development | Gross domestic product divided by the population (log) | World development indicators |
| Economic growth | Annualised GDP growth rate | World development indicator |
| International trade | The sum of import and export as a percentage of gross domestic product | World development indicators |
| Foreign direct investment | The inflow of investments from abroad as a percentage of gross domestic product | World development indicators |
| Population | The estimated number of people living in the country | World development indicators |
| Urban population | The estimated number of people living in the urban cities of the country | World development indicators |
| Population growth | Annualised estimate changes in the population | World development indicators |
| Industrialisation | It comprises value added in mining, manufacturing (also reported as a separate subgroup), construction, electricity, water and gas. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs | World development indicators |
| Industry growth | Annual growth rate for industrial (including construction) value added based on constant local currency | World development indicators |
| Institutional quality | The average of the six world governance indicators | World development indicators |