Robustness – endogeneity checks
| Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate risk | Industrialisation | Industry growth | Economic development | Economic growth | |
| Carbon emission | −13.231*** (−5.705) | ||||
| Climate risk | −0.008*** (−2.840) | −0.009* (−1.863) | −0.001*** (−2.916) | −0.001** (2.038) | |
| Economic development | 4.215 (1.329) | 3.069*** (5.281) | −0.432* (−1.668) | ||
| Economic growth | −0.168* (−1.770) | −0.102*** (−5.989) | −0.076*** (−7.211) | ||
| International trade | 0.037*** (3.324) | 0.023*** (6.265) | 0.000 (0.820) | 0.013*** (6.049) | |
| Foreign direct investment | −0.024** (−2.435) | −0.010 (−0.971) | −0.001 (−0.979) | 0.003 (0.680) | |
| Population | −6.907*** (−6.994) | −1.380** (−2.099) | 0.864*** (3.059) | −0.024 (−1.164) | 0.367*** (4.976) |
| Urban population | 0.601*** (4.124) | −0.005 (−0.204) | −0.043*** (−3.730) | 0.030*** (15.713) | −0.037*** (−5.979) |
| Population growth | 1.398* (1.654) | −0.279* (−1.745) | 0.651*** (4.701) | −0.045*** (−2.721) | 0.502*** (7.026) |
| Natural resources | 0.842*** (3.819) | 0.696*** (25.067) | 0.008 (0.392) | 0.005* (1.653) | −0.012 (−0.860) |
| Institutional quality | −3.551*** (−4.423) | −0.295 (−0.873) | 0.945*** (21.541) | 0.364** (2.367) | |
| Industrialisation | 0.371* (1.805) | 0.021*** (6.371) | 0.046*** (3.414) | ||
| Industry growth | −0.016 (−0.398) | ||||
| Constant | 114.972*** (4.271) | −33.319*** (−5.294) | 0.747 (0.318) | 6.828*** (17.388) | −3.257*** (−2.816) |
| Observations | 2,194 | 2,012 | 2,000 | 2,015 | 2,013 |
| Number of countries | 175 | 164 | 163 | 164 | 164 |
| Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate risk | Industrialisation | Industry growth | Economic development | Economic growth | |
| Carbon emission | −13.231 | ||||
| Climate risk | −0.008 | −0.009 | −0.001 | −0.001 | |
| Economic development | 4.215 (1.329) | 3.069 | −0.432 | ||
| Economic growth | −0.168 | −0.102 | −0.076 | ||
| International trade | 0.037 | 0.023 | 0.000 (0.820) | 0.013 | |
| Foreign direct investment | −0.024 | −0.010 (−0.971) | −0.001 (−0.979) | 0.003 (0.680) | |
| Population | −6.907 | −1.380 | 0.864 | −0.024 (−1.164) | 0.367 |
| Urban population | 0.601 | −0.005 (−0.204) | −0.043 | 0.030 | −0.037 |
| Population growth | 1.398 | −0.279 | 0.651 | −0.045 | 0.502 |
| Natural resources | 0.842 | 0.696 | 0.008 (0.392) | 0.005 | −0.012 (−0.860) |
| Institutional quality | −3.551 | −0.295 (−0.873) | 0.945 | 0.364 | |
| Industrialisation | 0.371 | 0.021 | 0.046 | ||
| Industry growth | −0.016 (−0.398) | ||||
| Constant | 114.972 | −33.319 | 0.747 (0.318) | 6.828 | −3.257 |
| Observations | 2,194 | 2,012 | 2,000 | 2,015 | 2,013 |
| Number of countries | 175 | 164 | 163 | 164 | 164 |
This table presents the endogeneity check using S-GMM. Robust t-statistics are given in parentheses: ***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1