Table 2.

Farmers’ perceptions of drivers for drought vulnerability, present livelihood assets and ways to strengthen future resilience capacities through the perspective of the sustainable landscape and livelihood model

Time perspectiveSignificant factorsPerceived historical factors to drought vulnerability, present assets and potential future resilience
Past landscape changes

  • Climate hazards

  • Droughts, floods and heatwaves

  • Immigration

  • Demographic pressure, land issues

  • Agricultural expansion

  • Deforestation

Present livelihood assets

  • Natural capital

  • Farmland, water and biodiversity

  • Physical capital

  • Irrigation technologies

  • Human capital

  • Skilled labour force

  • Social capital

  • Safety nets, mutual assistance

  • Financial capital

  • Saving cooperatives, trade

Future resilience capacities

  • Continual learning

  • Rainwater/irrigation, agroforestry practices and skills sharing

  • Visionary institutions

  • Markets, livelihood security and multi-functional landscapes

  • Transformative collaborations

  • Leadership, behavioural change and cooperatives

Source: Created by authors
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