Table 6.

Parameter estimates for predictors and indicators

PredictorAssessment
Expenditure on environment protectionThe estimate is 1.134 with a standard error of 0.667, yielding a z-value of 1.701 and a p-value of 0.089. The 95% confidence interval ranges from −0.173 to 2.441, indicating that the effect is not statistically significant at the 0.05 level but suggests a positive relationship
Expenditure on pollution abatementThis predictor has an estimate of −1.193 and a standard error of 0.660, leading to a z-value of −1.809 and a p-value of 0.07. The confidence interval (−2.486 to 0.099) suggests a negative relationship, though this effect is marginally non-significant at the 0.05 level
Expenditure on waste managementThe estimate is −0.673 with a standard error of 0.742, resulting in a z-value of −0.907 and a p-value of 0.364. The confidence interval ranges from −2.126 to 0.781, indicating no significant effect
Expenditure on waste water managementThis predictor shows an estimate of −1.241 with a standard error of 0.814, a z-value of −1.525 and a p-value of 0.127. The confidence interval (−2.836 to 0.354) also indicates a non-significant effect
IndicatorAssessment
Cooling and heating degree days % growthThis indicator has a significant positive estimate of 0.144 (SE = 0.023), with a z-value of 6.208 and a p-value less than 0.001. The confidence interval (0.099–0.190) indicates a robust positive relationship
Production in industry % growthThe estimate is −0.023 with a standard error of 0.005, a z-value of −4.624 and a p-value less than 0.001. The confidence interval (−0.033 to −0.013) suggests a significant negative relationship
Final energy consumption % growthThis indicator shows a highly significant positive estimate of 1.540 (SE = 0.066), with a z-value of 23.385 and a p-value less than 0.001. The confidence interval (1.411–1.669) reinforces this strong positive effect
Greenhouse gas emissions % growthThe estimate is 1.627 with a standard error of 0.078, a z-value of 20.962 and a p-value less than 0.001. The confidence interval (1.475–1.779) indicates a significant positive relationship
Volume of freight transport % growthThis indicator has an estimate of 0.011 (SE = 0.008), with a z-value of 1.355 and a p-value of 0.175. The confidence interval (−0.005 to 0.026) suggests a non-significant effect at the 0.05 level
Source: Authors’ own computation

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