Variable definitions
| Variable | Definition | Source |
|---|---|---|
| CI | Carbon Intensity (ratio of total CO2 emissions to GDP, kg per constant 2015 US$) | EIA, WDI |
| OFDI | China’s outward FDI stock in ASEAN countries (millions of US dollars) | Statistical Bulletin of China’s OFDI |
| IS | Industrial structure (the share of the tertiary industry sector in GDP) | WDI |
| EL | Economic development (GDP per capita constant 2015 US$) | WDI |
| OPEN | Trade openness (imports and exports of goods and services, % of GDP) | WDI |
| UR | Urbanization (ratio of urban population to total population) | WDI |
| EC | Energy consumption (quad Btu per million people) | EIA, WDI |
| POP | Total population (million people) | WDI |
| Variable | Definition | Source |
|---|---|---|
| CI | Carbon Intensity (ratio of total CO2 emissions to GDP, kg per constant 2015 US$) | EIA, WDI |
| OFDI | China’s outward FDI stock in ASEAN countries (millions of US dollars) | Statistical Bulletin of China’s OFDI |
| IS | Industrial structure (the share of the tertiary industry sector in GDP) | WDI |
| EL | Economic development (GDP per capita constant 2015 US$) | WDI |
| OPEN | Trade openness (imports and exports of goods and services, % of GDP) | WDI |
| UR | Urbanization (ratio of urban population to total population) | WDI |
| EC | Energy consumption (quad Btu per million people) | EIA, WDI |
| POP | Total population (million people) | WDI |
WDI = World Development Indicators (available at: https://data.worldbank.org); Statistical Bulletin of China’s OFDI (available at: http://hzs.mofcom.gov.cn/)
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