Results on oil market, leakage, and adjustment costs under halved (ARM_lo) and doubled (ARM_hi) Armington elasticities.
| EU | EU×USA | OECD | EU×USA×CHN | OECD×CHN | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COM | DOM | COM | DOM | COM | DOM | COM | DOM | COM | DOM | |
| Oil market* | ||||||||||
| Crude oil price | −0.97 | 0.60 | −1.79 | −0.37 | −2.61 | −1.07 | −1.56 | −0.78 | −2.21 | −1.31 |
| OPEC supply | −0.16 | −3.25 | −0.49 | −0.74 | −3.40 | −3.90 | −0.48 | −2.15 | −0.67 | −2.60 |
| Non-OPEC supply | −0.65 | −0:79 | −1.44 | −0.09 | −2.33 | −0.82 | −1.31 | −0.55 | −1.98 | −1.10 |
| Coalition consumption | −4.59 | −3.62 | −4.04 | −3.76 | −4.23 | −2.52 | −2.82 | −2.64 | −2.97 | |
| Non-Coalition consumption | 0.55 | −0.24 | 0.74 | 0.02 | 1.03 | 0.22 | 0.61 | 0.19 | 0.83 | 0.31 |
| Leakage** | ||||||||||
| Total leakage | 16.9 | 10.3 | 7.3 | 5.3 | 6.4 | 5.0 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 2.6 |
| Coal leakage | 6.1 | 6.7 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
| Gas leakage | 4.3 | 4.9 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
| Oil leakage | 6.5 | −1.2 | 2.7 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.4 |
| Adjustment costs*** | ||||||||||
| Global | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.17 |
| Coalition | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.12 |
| OPEC | 0.55 | 0.90 | 0.76 | 1.21 | 1.10 | 1.64 | 0.66 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 1.33 |
| ROW | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.16 |
| Oil market* | ||||||||||
| Crude oil price | −0.61 | 0.62 | −1.43 | −0.11 | −2.10 | −0.66 | −1.26 | −0.58 | −1.80 | −1.01 |
| OPEC supply | −0.18 | −2:70 | −0.60 | −3.35 | −0.93 | −3.95 | −0.59 | −2.10 | −0.86 | −2.60 |
| Non-OPEC supply | −0.45 | 0:71 | −1.26 | 0:02 | −2.06 | −0.62 | −1.13 | −0.46 | −1.74 | −0.95 |
| Coalition consumption | −6.54 | −6.27 | −5.06 | −5.39 | −5.04 | −5.45 | −3.50 | −3.75 | −3.48 | −3.77 |
| Non-Coalition consumption | 1.12 | 0.41 | 1.78 | 1.05 | 2.72 | 1.88 | 1.62 | 1.22 | 2.45 | 1.94 |
| Leakage** | ||||||||||
| Total leakage | 20.9 | 15.4 | 9.5 | 7.6 | 9.1 | 7.7 | 4.9 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.0 |
| Coal leakage | 8.5 | 8.7 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.1 |
| Gas leakage | 5.5 | 5.9 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Oil leakage | 6.9 | 0.7 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 2.7 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.8 |
| Adjustment costs*** | ||||||||||
| Global | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.16 |
| Coalition | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.14 |
| OPEC | 0.34 | 0.62 | 0.58 | 0.99 | 0.85 | 1.36 | 0.49 | 0.79 | 0.71 | 1.09 |
| ROW | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
| EU | EU×USA | OECD | EU×USA×CHN | OECD×CHN | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COM | DOM | COM | DOM | COM | DOM | COM | DOM | COM | DOM | |
| Oil market | ||||||||||
| Crude oil price | −0.97 | 0.60 | −1.79 | −0.37 | −2.61 | −1.07 | −1.56 | −0.78 | −2.21 | −1.31 |
| OPEC supply | −0.16 | −3.25 | −0.49 | −0.74 | −3.40 | −3.90 | −0.48 | −2.15 | −0.67 | −2.60 |
| Non-OPEC supply | −0.65 | −0:79 | −1.44 | −0.09 | −2.33 | −0.82 | −1.31 | −0.55 | −1.98 | −1.10 |
| Coalition consumption | −4.59 | −3.62 | −4.04 | −3.76 | −4.23 | −2.52 | −2.82 | −2.64 | −2.97 | |
| Non-Coalition consumption | 0.55 | −0.24 | 0.74 | 0.02 | 1.03 | 0.22 | 0.61 | 0.19 | 0.83 | 0.31 |
| Leakage | ||||||||||
| Total leakage | 16.9 | 10.3 | 7.3 | 5.3 | 6.4 | 5.0 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 2.6 |
| Coal leakage | 6.1 | 6.7 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
| Gas leakage | 4.3 | 4.9 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
| Oil leakage | 6.5 | −1.2 | 2.7 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.4 |
| Adjustment costs | ||||||||||
| Global | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.17 |
| Coalition | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.12 |
| OPEC | 0.55 | 0.90 | 0.76 | 1.21 | 1.10 | 1.64 | 0.66 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 1.33 |
| ROW | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.16 |
| Oil market | ||||||||||
| Crude oil price | −0.61 | 0.62 | −1.43 | −0.11 | −2.10 | −0.66 | −1.26 | −0.58 | −1.80 | −1.01 |
| OPEC supply | −0.18 | −2:70 | −0.60 | −3.35 | −0.93 | −3.95 | −0.59 | −2.10 | −0.86 | −2.60 |
| Non-OPEC supply | −0.45 | 0:71 | −1.26 | 0:02 | −2.06 | −0.62 | −1.13 | −0.46 | −1.74 | −0.95 |
| Coalition consumption | −6.54 | −6.27 | −5.06 | −5.39 | −5.04 | −5.45 | −3.50 | −3.75 | −3.48 | −3.77 |
| Non-Coalition consumption | 1.12 | 0.41 | 1.78 | 1.05 | 2.72 | 1.88 | 1.62 | 1.22 | 2.45 | 1.94 |
| Leakage | ||||||||||
| Total leakage | 20.9 | 15.4 | 9.5 | 7.6 | 9.1 | 7.7 | 4.9 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.0 |
| Coal leakage | 8.5 | 8.7 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.1 |
| Gas leakage | 5.5 | 5.9 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Oil leakage | 6.9 | 0.7 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 2.7 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.8 |
| Adjustment costs | ||||||||||
| Global | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.16 |
| Coalition | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.14 |
| OPEC | 0.34 | 0.62 | 0.58 | 0.99 | 0.85 | 1.36 | 0.49 | 0.79 | 0.71 | 1.09 |
| ROW | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
in percentage change w.r.t. business-as-usual;
in percentage;
in Hicksian EV as % share of business-as-usual GDP
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