Table 1

Related studies on piracy and armed robbery

StudyMethodologyObjectiveResults
Stach (2017) Qualitative analysisAnalysis of the sustained incidence of piracy and armed robbery in Southeast AsiaGeographical, socioeconomic, and political factors cause piracy and armed robbery
Yang et al. (2013) Paper review of numerous risk assessment methodsAnalyze multiple risk measurement methodsRisk analysis is useful in shaping legislation and policy in the maritime sector
Psarros et al. (2013) Event Tree Analysis (ETA)Measure the effectiveness of the non-lethal anti-piracy systemsNon-lethal equipment reduces the negative outcome of an attack by 15%
Lewis (2016) Multinomial logistic regression modelAnalyze the impact of naval action and crew response to the piracy attemptCrew actions reduce the risk of hijacking and robbery by 98 and 88%
Jin et al. (2019) Binary logistic regression modelDevelop a risk assessment model for the prediction of an attackSmall-sized vessels and dangerous regions are prone to piracy, while a well-trained crew response reduces the success rate of an attack
Poonnawatt (2023) Qualitative analysisCompare ReCAAP and RMSIReCAAP's success is due to its inclusive nature and voluntary cooperation with others
Fan et al. (2023b) Kernel density estimationAnalyze the geographical characteristics of piracyRevealed specific regions that were particularly prone to piracy
Gong et al. (2023) A two-step analytical frameworkTo assess the risks of successful piracy attacksTankers are more exposed to attacks than container ships, and the success of such attacks is by time of day and the anti-piracy measures
Liang et al. (2024) Spatial-temporal patternsEstablish structure for examining worldwide piracyDry bulk carriers and oil tankers are the main targets of pirate attacks
Zhang et al. (2024) Spatiotemporal distribution analysisCompare the characteristics of global and regional piracyThe Gulf of Guinea had the largest number of pirates, and other characteristics vary across regions
Küçük et al. (2025) Spatial density analysisProvide geographic distribution of global piracy and armed robberySingapore Strait experiences constant threats, whilst East Africa experiences a significant reduction of attacks

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