Table 3 Case description following... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3

Case description following temporal phases

Cases/temporal phases	Inception: Disjointed actions led or influenced by individual member states. The pandemic is primarily framed as a matter of national sovereignty during this stage	Midst: Shift towards heightened coordination and collaboration among stakeholders, driven by a pronounced emphasis on solidarity and unity. Discursive coordination and the persuasive power of ideas emerge as central tools for crisis decision-making	Solution: Formulation and implementation of concrete measures aimed at addressing the crisis, marked by intensified coordination and collaboration among actors	Post-crisis: Consolidation and institutionalisation of decisions made during the crisis, with an eye toward leveraging these outcomes for long-term benefits that transcend the immediate crisis context. The exploitation of crisis outcomes for broader integration objectives is a key feature
Restrictions on Travel (RT)	March 2020: 17 MS closed borders; national security logic over free movement; uncoordinated renationalisation framed as public health protection	Council and Commission promoted coordination; gradual alignment with EU recommendations; re-opening guided by collective action	Adoption of EU Digital COVID Certificate (2020); supported by IPCR; coordination of travel rules; proposal to reform Schengen Borders Code	Movement liberalisation strengthened collective awareness; new Schengen Borders Code, Migration and Asylum Pact, and Internal Market Emergency Act aimed at future resilience
Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)	Early 2020: Rapid mobilisation of EU budget, SURE, PEPP; realisation that larger fiscal instrument was needed	May 2020: Franco-German proposal for joint debt enabled creation of RRF; institutional collaboration between Commission and MS	July 2020: Agreement on Next Generation EU (NGEU); RRF launched (2021) aligned with MFF priorities - green and digital transitions	Low error rate (European Court of Auditors, 2023); model for future instruments (e.g. Ukraine Facility, Social Climate Fund); blueprint for fiscal crisis tools
Vaccine Procurement (VP)	Pre-pandemic Joint Procurement Agreement; March 2020: MS’ export bans on PPE undermined solidarity; parallel national (IVA) and EU efforts emerged	Coordination between IVA and Commission; Joint European Roadmap emphasised vaccine centrality; negotiations for unified approach	June 2020: EU Vaccine Strategy centralised procurement via APAs; 11 contracts with 8 manufacturers; by end-2021, 80% of EU adults vaccinated	Adoption of lessons into Single Market Emergency Instrument and calls for European Health Union; institutionalisation of APA framework for future crises

Cases/temporal phases	Inception: Disjointed actions led or influenced by individual member states. The pandemic is primarily framed as a matter of national sovereignty during this stage	Midst: Shift towards heightened coordination and collaboration among stakeholders, driven by a pronounced emphasis on solidarity and unity. Discursive coordination and the persuasive power of ideas emerge as central tools for crisis decision-making	Solution: Formulation and implementation of concrete measures aimed at addressing the crisis, marked by intensified coordination and collaboration among actors	Post-crisis: Consolidation and institutionalisation of decisions made during the crisis, with an eye toward leveraging these outcomes for long-term benefits that transcend the immediate crisis context. The exploitation of crisis outcomes for broader integration objectives is a key feature
Restrictions on Travel (RT)	March 2020: 17 MS closed borders; national security logic over free movement; uncoordinated renationalisation framed as public health protection	Council and Commission promoted coordination; gradual alignment with EU recommendations; re-opening guided by collective action	Adoption of EU Digital COVID Certificate (2020); supported by IPCR; coordination of travel rules; proposal to reform Schengen Borders Code	Movement liberalisation strengthened collective awareness; new Schengen Borders Code, Migration and Asylum Pact, and Internal Market Emergency Act aimed at future resilience
Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)	Early 2020: Rapid mobilisation of EU budget, SURE, PEPP; realisation that larger fiscal instrument was needed	May 2020: Franco-German proposal for joint debt enabled creation of RRF; institutional collaboration between Commission and MS	July 2020: Agreement on Next Generation EU (NGEU); RRF launched (2021) aligned with MFF priorities - green and digital transitions	Low error rate (European Court of Auditors, 2023); model for future instruments (e.g. Ukraine Facility, Social Climate Fund); blueprint for fiscal crisis tools
Vaccine Procurement (VP)	Pre-pandemic Joint Procurement Agreement; March 2020: MS’ export bans on PPE undermined solidarity; parallel national (IVA) and EU efforts emerged	Coordination between IVA and Commission; Joint European Roadmap emphasised vaccine centrality; negotiations for unified approach	June 2020: EU Vaccine Strategy centralised procurement via APAs; 11 contracts with 8 manufacturers; by end-2021, 80% of EU adults vaccinated	Adoption of lessons into Single Market Emergency Instrument and calls for European Health Union; institutionalisation of APA framework for future crises

Note(s): More detail on case descriptions can be found in Annex

Source(s): Authors' own work