Table 1

Summary of the variables used in the meta-analysis, including definitions and operationalizations

VariablesDefinitionOperationalizations
CEO narcissismRefers to the growing self-consciousness of CEOs and their focus on self-concept(1) Psychometric self-report, (2) Psychometric third party, (3) Chatterjee and Hambrick’s CEO narc index (2011), (4) Altered CEO narc index, (5) Single item such as first-person singular pronouns ratio, signature size, photo size, (6) Another construct, such as CEO narcissism score (Rijsenbilt, 2011, Rijsenbilt and Commandeur, 2013) or LinkedIn measure (Junge et al., 2024)
Firm Attributes
Financial performanceThe overall evaluation of a company’s financial health and success(1) Accounting-based measurements of profitability such as ROA or ROA, (2) market-based measurements such as Tobin’s Q
Firm sizeThe overall scale or magnitude of a companyAbsolute measures such as total sales, total employees, or total assets
Firm ageThe length of time since a company’s establishment or incorporationMeasured as the number of years since their establishment
CEO Attributes
WomanThe gender of the CEODichotomous variable coded as 1 if the CEO is a woman and 0 otherwise
AgeThe age of the CEO of the firmMeasured as the CEO’s age in years
TenureThe number of years the CEO has spent at the firmMeasured as the number of years the CEO has spent at the firm
Source(s): Created by authors
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