Table 1

Theories and enablers

TheoryReferencesEnablersLevel of influence
Institutional theory (IT)Adom and Ackom (2024), Balzano et al. (2025), Yin et al. (2024) E5 (Institutional and Policy Support), E1 (Finance Accessibility) and E2 (Market Connectivity)Macro (policy and regulatory environment)
Resource-based view (RBV)Agrawal et al. (2025), Yang et al. (2025), Weigel and Hiebl (2023) E1 (Finance Accessibility), E3 (Infrastructure Support) and E4 (Skill Development and Training)Firm-level (organizational capabilities)
Social capital theory (SCT)Liu et al. (2024), Brogan and Dooley (2024), Thomas and Gupta (2021) E6 (Social Capital and Community Engagement), E2 (Market Connectivity) and E1 (Finance Accessibility)Community and network level
Diffusion of innovation (DOI) theoryPatnaik and Bakkar (2024), Uzumcu and Acilmis (2024), Xu et al. (2024) E7 (Innovation and Adaptability), E4 (Skill Development and Training) and E2 (Market Connectivity)Process and dynamic level
Sustainable livelihood framework (SLF)Tabares et al. (2022), Fahad et al. (2023) E1 (Finance Accessibility), E3 (Infrastructure Support), E4 (Skill Development and Training) and E6 (Social Capital and Community Engagement)Outcome and sustainability level
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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