Table 3

Interview questions

NumberQuestionSources in literature
1What were the reasons for the revision of ISO 14971:2007 and the associated Technical Report?Krenc (2018), Nolan and McDermott (2025) 
2How did your organization or MedTech companies you may have consulted with plan for compliance with the 2019 version of ISO 14971?McDermott and Kearney (2024) 
3If your organization has not yet implemented the 2019 version of the standard, what compliance timelines are you working to?Krenc (2018) 
4Have you experienced regulatory agencies (e.g. notified bodies, FDA, and competent authorities) questioning the compliance status with ISO 14971:2019 since its publication during surveillance audits or otherwise?Caines et al. (2015), Elahi (2021), José (2017) 
5In your opinion, what are the top three areas of change in the 2019 version of ISO 14971 that have presented challenges for your organization or MedTech companies?Elahi (2016), Niles (2015), Kearney and McDermott (2023a) 
6In your opinion, what potential challenges do you see device manufacturers facing, if any, to address compliance with EN ISO 14971:2019/A11:2021?Elahi (2016), Niles (2015), Lafferty (2020) 
7In your opinion, why is there an increased focus on benefit–risk analysis in the 2019 version of ISO 14971?Bills (2021a), Nolan and McDermott (2025) 
8The term “benefit–risk ratio” is referred to eight times in the EU MDR Regulation 2017/745 and on one occasion as part of ISO 14971:2019. How has your organization or MedTech companies defined/interpreted this term, i.e. from a quantitative or qualitative perspective?Bills (2021a), Krenc (2018), Stern et al. (2020), Lafferty (2021) 
9What opportunities exist in the future for revisions to ISO 14971?Stern et al. (2020), Nolan and McDermott (2025) 
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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