Table 7

Summary of key findings

AspectChatGPTGammaAutopilot
Ease of useHighest rated; intuitive and user-friendlyMore complex; lowest ease of useModerate; simple but limited in scope
AccuracyMixed results; sometimes less preciseStrongest in accuracy; multiple output optionsModerate; less precise than Gamma
Citation adherenceWeak; frequent APA-style errorsLimited; incomplete citationsWeak; minimal adherence
Arabic language handlingStruggled significantly with ArabicBetter performance with ArabicModerate handling of Arabic
Time/effort savingsSignificant time savings reportedEffective but restricted by the free version limitsSignificant time savings
Multimedia integrationSupports images/templatesStrong multimedia featuresVery limited (primarily text-based)
Overall student viewEasy to use but unreliable for citationsAccurate and effective but less flexible to useSimple and useful but less flexible

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