Table 3 GMM poverty estimate results...

Table 3

GMM poverty estimate results during political stability

Variable	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Pov -1	0.934 (0.012)^***	0.925 (0.014)^***	0.934 (0.013)^***		0.932 (0.014)^***	0.932 (0.014)^***
PS		−1.150 (0.046)^***	−1.550 (0.046)^***	−1.120 (0.806)	−1.140 (0.060)^***	−1.483 (0.030)^***
PS²			1.005 (0.189)^*
PG				0.059 (0.021)^***	0.086 (0.011)^***	0.083 (0.007)^***
IR				0.108 (0.025)^**	0.061 (0.012)^**	0.251 (0.061)^***
GDP (log)				−0.081 (0.026)^***	−0.078 (0.024)^***	−0.0820 (0.025)^***
TO					−0.026 (0.003)^***	−0.045 (0.003)^***
EDU					−0.381 (0.012)^***	−0.380 (0.012)^***
ATD						−0.591 (0.117)^***
AAT						−1.228 (0.025)^***
Observations	211	211	211	211	210	210
No. of Countries	13	13	13	13	13	13
Wald-test	1452.01 (0.000)	1524.19 (0.000)	1526.11 (0.000)	1450.05 (0.000)	1489.15 (0.000)	1420.35 (0.000)
Hansen test (p-value)	0.281	0.277	0.280	0.290	0.311	0.301
AR test AR(1) (p-value)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.075)	(0.04)
AR test AR(2) (p-value)	(0.291)	(0.302)	(0.302)	(0.294)	(0.431)	(0.549)

Variable	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Pov -1	0.934 (0.012)^***	0.925 (0.014)^***	0.934 (0.013)^***		0.932 (0.014)^***	0.932 (0.014)^***
PS		−1.150 (0.046)^***	−1.550 (0.046)^***	−1.120 (0.806)	−1.140 (0.060)^***	−1.483 (0.030)^***
PS²			1.005 (0.189)^*
PG				0.059 (0.021)^***	0.086 (0.011)^***	0.083 (0.007)^***
IR				0.108 (0.025)^**	0.061 (0.012)^**	0.251 (0.061)^***
GDP (log)				−0.081 (0.026)^***	−0.078 (0.024)^***	−0.0820 (0.025)^***
TO					−0.026 (0.003)^***	−0.045 (0.003)^***
EDU					−0.381 (0.012)^***	−0.380 (0.012)^***
ATD						−0.591 (0.117)^***
AAT						−1.228 (0.025)^***
Observations	211	211	211	211	210	210
No. of Countries	13	13	13	13	13	13
Wald-test	1452.01 (0.000)	1524.19 (0.000)	1526.11 (0.000)	1450.05 (0.000)	1489.15 (0.000)	1420.35 (0.000)
Hansen test (p-value)	0.281	0.277	0.280	0.290	0.311	0.301
AR test AR(1) (p-value)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.075)	(0.04)
AR test AR(2) (p-value)	(0.291)	(0.302)	(0.302)	(0.294)	(0.431)	(0.549)

Note(s): 1. The results of GMM estimations of how political stability and growth affect poverty is shown in the table. The time frame spans from 1996 to 2022; 2. Standard errors are in brackets; 3. Significance is indicated at the 1, 5, and 10% levels, respectively, by ^***, ^**, and ^*; 4. The Hansen test is used to check whether estimations of the GMM dynamic model over-identify constraints. The Arellano-A bond test is used in the AB test AR (1) and AR (2), where the average auto-covariance in residuals of rank 1 and order 2, respectively, is 0 (H0: no autocorrelation); p-values are indicated in brackets

Source(s): Calculated by the author

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