Table 4 GMM estimate results of poverty...

Table 4

GMM estimate results of poverty control of corruption

Variable	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Pov -1	0.934 (0.012)^***	0.945 (0.014)^***	0.910 (0.012)^***	0.930 (0.013)^***	0.912 (0.014)^***	0.932 (0.014)^***
COC		−1.028 (0.004)^***	−1.028 (0.004)^***	−1.059 (0.021)^***	−1.028 (0.004)^***	−1.059 (0.021)^***
COC²			1.028 (0.897)
PG				0.059 (0.021)^***	0.086 (0.011)^***	−0.032 (0.007)^***
IR				0.115 (0.906)	0.061 (0.012)^**	0.251 (0.061)^***
GDP (log)				−0.084 (0.025)^***	0.079 (0.029)^***	−0.081 (0.022)^***
TO					−0.026 (0.003)^***	−045 (0.003)^***
EDU					−0.401 (0.012)^***
ATD						−0.951 (0.552)^**
AAT						−1.141 (0.021)^***
Observations	211	211	211	211	210	210
No. of Countries	13	13	13	13	13	13
Wald-test	1620.01 (0.000)	1650.08 (0.000)	1612.08 (0.000)	1662.01 (0.000)	1620.01 (0.000)	1650.08 (0.000)
Hansen test (p-value)	0.243	0.297	0.210	0.301	0.243	0.297
AR test AR(1) (p-value)	(0.015)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.085)	(0.015)	(0.01)
AR test AR(2) (p-value)	(0.305)	(0.351)	(0.301)	(0.411)	(0.305)	(0.351)

Variable	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Pov -1	0.934 (0.012)^***	0.945 (0.014)^***	0.910 (0.012)^***	0.930 (0.013)^***	0.912 (0.014)^***	0.932 (0.014)^***
COC		−1.028 (0.004)^***	−1.028 (0.004)^***	−1.059 (0.021)^***	−1.028 (0.004)^***	−1.059 (0.021)^***
COC²			1.028 (0.897)
PG				0.059 (0.021)^***	0.086 (0.011)^***	−0.032 (0.007)^***
IR				0.115 (0.906)	0.061 (0.012)^**	0.251 (0.061)^***
GDP (log)				−0.084 (0.025)^***	0.079 (0.029)^***	−0.081 (0.022)^***
TO					−0.026 (0.003)^***	−045 (0.003)^***
EDU					−0.401 (0.012)^***
ATD						−0.951 (0.552)^**
AAT						−1.141 (0.021)^***
Observations	211	211	211	211	210	210
No. of Countries	13	13	13	13	13	13
Wald-test	1620.01 (0.000)	1650.08 (0.000)	1612.08 (0.000)	1662.01 (0.000)	1620.01 (0.000)	1650.08 (0.000)
Hansen test (p-value)	0.243	0.297	0.210	0.301	0.243	0.297
AR test AR(1) (p-value)	(0.015)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.085)	(0.015)	(0.01)
AR test AR(2) (p-value)	(0.305)	(0.351)	(0.301)	(0.411)	(0.305)	(0.351)

Note(s): 1. The results of GMM estimations of how control of corruption and growth affect poverty is shown in the table. The time frame spans from 1996 to 2022; 2. Standard errors are in brackets; 3. Significance is indicated at the 1, 5, and 10% levels, respectively, by ^***, ^**, and ^*; 4. The Hansen test is used to check whether estimations of the GMM dynamic model over-identify constraints. The Arellano-A bond test is used in the AB test AR (1) and AR (2), where the average auto-covariance in residuals of rank 1 and order 2, respectively, is 0 (H0: no autocorrelation); p-values are indicated in brackets

Source(s): Calculated by the author

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