Table 3 Factor structure for fraud...

Table 3

Factor structure for fraud management

	Outer loadings		VIF	α	CR	AVE
FP	Regular fraud awareness training is conducted	0.828	1.632	0.700	0.813	0.525
	Orientation of new employees on the anti-fraud policy is regularly conducted	0.783	1.449
	Anti-fraud behaviour is constantly promoted by the top management	0.683	1.271
	Employee support programs like our SACCO always help staff members financially	0.577	1.179
FD	Fraud risk assessments are conducted regularly	0.745	1.387	0.700	0.804	0.506
	Confidential channels for reporting fraud are in place	0.742	1.318
	Staff are always encouraged to report fraudulent activities	0.710	1.337
	Employees in high-risk departments are always monitored	0.645	1.232
FR	Investigation of suspected fraud cases is always conducted immediately	0.770	2.279	0.892	0.912	0.509
	Recording of evidence on suspected fraud activity is always done instantly	0.765	2.255
	Due protection is given to employees who reveal fraudulent activities	0.761	2.218
	Management is always evaluated on the degree to which they control fraud	0.739	1.908
	Factors that allowed fraud to occur are always instantly assessed	0.718	1.901
	Instant legal action is always taken against individuals involved in fraud	0.681	1.762
	Confidentiality of fraud cases under investigation is kept	0.683	1.795
	Employees who report fraud are normally rewarded	0.611	1.455
	Communication of fraud investigation outcomes is always done	0.725	1.851
	Suspected fraudulent cases are always reported to the police	0.664	1.752

	Outer loadings		VIF	α	CR	AVE
FP	Regular fraud awareness training is conducted	0.828	1.632	0.700	0.813	0.525
	Orientation of new employees on the anti-fraud policy is regularly conducted	0.783	1.449
	Anti-fraud behaviour is constantly promoted by the top management	0.683	1.271
	Employee support programs like our SACCO always help staff members financially	0.577	1.179
FD	Fraud risk assessments are conducted regularly	0.745	1.387	0.700	0.804	0.506
	Confidential channels for reporting fraud are in place	0.742	1.318
	Staff are always encouraged to report fraudulent activities	0.710	1.337
	Employees in high-risk departments are always monitored	0.645	1.232
FR	Investigation of suspected fraud cases is always conducted immediately	0.770	2.279	0.892	0.912	0.509
	Recording of evidence on suspected fraud activity is always done instantly	0.765	2.255
	Due protection is given to employees who reveal fraudulent activities	0.761	2.218
	Management is always evaluated on the degree to which they control fraud	0.739	1.908
	Factors that allowed fraud to occur are always instantly assessed	0.718	1.901
	Instant legal action is always taken against individuals involved in fraud	0.681	1.762
	Confidentiality of fraud cases under investigation is kept	0.683	1.795
	Employees who report fraud are normally rewarded	0.611	1.455
	Communication of fraud investigation outcomes is always done	0.725	1.851
	Suspected fraudulent cases are always reported to the police	0.664	1.752

Note(s): HTMT Ratio: FP < - > FD = 0.852; FR < - > FD = 0.599; FR < - > FP = 0.543

CR = Composite Reliability; FP = Fraud prevention, FD = Fraud detection, and FR = Fraud response

Source(s): Primary data

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