Table A1

Measures (KPI) and definition

Construct/DomainKPIShort definitionScaleKey reference
Immersive co-creationPresenceThe subjective sense of “being there” in a mediated environmentITC-SOPILessiter et al. (2001), Schubert et al. (2001) 
EmotionsAffective state along valence and arousalSAM-PANASBradley and Lang (1994), Watson et al. (1988) 
Revisit IntentionLikelihood of returning; satisfaction with experienceCSAT as % top-box or indexFornell et al. (1996) 
PersonalisationConversionShare of sessions/users achieving a defined goalConversions ÷ sessions/users; define goal and attribution windowFarris et al. (2010), Chaffey and Ellis-Chadwick (2019) 
Dwell TimeMean active time with content/appSeconds/minutes per session; specify inactivity thresholdsChaffey and Ellis-Chadwick (2019), Farris et al. (2010) 
Smart operationsTask TimeTime to complete a specified taskMean/median seconds per task; include dispersion and success rateInternational Organization for Standardization (2018) 
Error RateFrequency of user/system errors per task/sessionErrors ÷ tasks (or per 100 tasks); classify by severityInternational Organization for Standardization (2018) 
SatisfactionSatisfaction with a specific service interaction% satisfied/top-box or index; state scale and timingFornell et al. (1996) 
Accessibility/InclusionAccessibility CSATSatisfaction among access-needs usersTargeted CSAT; report by cohort and assistive tech usedPanda and Kaur (2023) 
Reach (access-needs)Proportion of users from access-needs cohorts served% of cohort engaging/completing key tasks; document method/ethicsInternational Organization for Standardization (2018), Panda and Kaur (2023) 
Governance/ethicsDPIA completionData Protection Impact Assessment executed where requiredBinary + date/outcomes; GDPR Art. 35Coskun (2015) 
Opt-in/opt-out ratioConsent vs. refusal for data processingOpt-ins ÷ total choices; by purposeEuropean Union (2016) 
Incident rateSecurity incidents per periodIncidents/month or quarter; by severityCichonski et al. (2005), International Organization for Standardization (2016) 

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