Unit root test results
| DF-GLS | PP | |
|---|---|---|
| Panel A: Level 1(0) | ||
| lnCO2 | 1.217 | 0.552 |
| LnTO | 0.701 | −0.709 |
| LnEU | 1.31 | 0.451 |
| LnGDP | 0.9058 | 3.007 |
| lnGDP2 | 0.8963 | 3.614 |
| lnGDP3 | 2.6157 | 4.165 |
| lnGDP*lnTO | 1.8118 | 0.112 |
| lnGDP2*lnTO | 1.8368 | 1.147 |
| lnGDP3*lnTO | 2.2074 | 1.905 |
| lnEU*lnTO | 1.4455 | −0.307 |
| Panel B: First difference 1(1) | ||
| D.lnCO2 | −3.464*** | −8.531*** |
| D.lnTO | −2.263** | −6.246*** |
| D.lnEU | −7.3607*** | −8.363*** |
| D.lnGDP | −2.7429** | −7.3009*** |
| D.lnGDP2 | −2.7329** | −6.813*** |
| D.lnGDP3 | −2.7254** | −6.375*** |
| D.lnGDP*lnTO | −3.8714*** | −5.936*** |
| D.lnGDP2*lnTO | −4.5944*** | −5.823*** |
| D.lnGDP3*lnTO | −5.2179*** | −5.715*** |
| D.lnEU*lnTO | −2.5853** | −6.266*** |
| DF-GLS | PP | |
|---|---|---|
| lnCO2 | 1.217 | 0.552 |
| LnTO | 0.701 | −0.709 |
| LnEU | 1.31 | 0.451 |
| LnGDP | 0.9058 | 3.007 |
| lnGDP2 | 0.8963 | 3.614 |
| lnGDP3 | 2.6157 | 4.165 |
| lnGDP*lnTO | 1.8118 | 0.112 |
| lnGDP2*lnTO | 1.8368 | 1.147 |
| lnGDP3*lnTO | 2.2074 | 1.905 |
| lnEU*lnTO | 1.4455 | −0.307 |
| D.lnCO2 | −3.464*** | −8.531*** |
| D.lnTO | −2.263** | −6.246*** |
| D.lnEU | −7.3607*** | −8.363*** |
| D.lnGDP | −2.7429** | −7.3009*** |
| D.lnGDP2 | −2.7329** | −6.813*** |
| D.lnGDP3 | −2.7254** | −6.375*** |
| D.lnGDP*lnTO | −3.8714*** | −5.936*** |
| D.lnGDP2*lnTO | −4.5944*** | −5.823*** |
| D.lnGDP3*lnTO | −5.2179*** | −5.715*** |
| D.lnEU*lnTO | −2.5853** | −6.266*** |
Note(s): Asterisks ***, **, * indicate significant at 1%, 5% and 10% percent respectively
Source(s): Authors’ work
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