Table 4

ARDL bound test results

Significance levelLower bound I(0)Upper bound I(1)
Estimated Model: lnCO2 = f(lnGDP, lnGDP2, lnGDP3, lnEU, lnTO)
Lag length: (4,1,1,1,4,2)
F-statistics5.959*** 
Critical values
1%3.064.15
5%2.393.38
10%2.083
Estimated Model: lnCO2 = f(lnGDP*lnTO, lnGDP2*lnTO, lnGDP3*lnTO, lnEU*lnTO)
Lag length: (4,2,2,2,2)
F-statistics5.255***
Critical values
1%3.294.37
5%2.563.49
10%2.23.09

Note(s): Asterisks *** indicate significant at 1% percent

Source(s): Authors’ work

or Create an Account

Close subscription notice
Close access options