Table 3 Unit root results Level First... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3

Unit root results

	Level			First difference
	Constant	Trend	Drift	Constant	Trend	Drift
	Test statistic	Test statistic	Test statistic	Test statistic	Test statistic	Test statistic
Deforestation	0.725	−1.78	−0.983	−3.815***	−3.898**	−3.841***
Income	−0.867	−3.340	−0.867	−4.683***	−4.687***	−4.683***
Natural resource rent	−1.048	−3.558	−2.716***	−4.798***	−4.764***	−4.786***
Renewables (biomass)	−0.192	−2.782	−0.192	−2.967**	−3.892**	−2.967***
Institutional quality	−0.308	−4.530***	−3.842***	−6.302***	−5.971***	−6.224***
Total population	1.829*	−4.653***	0.611	−3.539**	−3.629**	−3.300***

	Level			First difference
	Constant	Trend	Drift	Constant	Trend	Drift
	Test statistic	Test statistic	Test statistic	Test statistic	Test statistic	Test statistic
Deforestation	0.725	−1.78	−0.983	−3.815***	−3.898**	−3.841***
Income	−0.867	−3.340	−0.867	−4.683***	−4.687***	−4.683***
Natural resource rent	−1.048	−3.558	−2.716***	−4.798***	−4.764***	−4.786***
Renewables (biomass)	−0.192	−2.782	−0.192	−2.967**	−3.892**	−2.967***
Institutional quality	−0.308	−4.530***	−3.842***	−6.302***	−5.971***	−6.224***
Total population	1.829*	−4.653***	0.611	−3.539**	−3.629**	−3.300***

Note(s): ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1