Results of the robustness test and the endogeneity test
| Robustness test | Endogenicity test: IV estimation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Explained variable | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
| Income divide (Gini) | Environmental pollution (log of PM2.5 displacement) | Income divide (Gini) | Income divide (Gini) | Environmental pollution (log of CO2 displacement) | Income divide (Gini) | |
| Log of the number of contaminants | −0.0603*** | −0.5390*** | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0695) | |||||
| The proportion of industrial output | 0.1655*** | 0.0486** | 0.1653*** | 0.1706*** | 0.0352*** | 0.1885*** |
| (0.0130) | (0.0194) | (0.0129) | (0.0130) | (0.0031) | (0.0131) | |
| Proportion of service sector output | −0.0026 | −0.0128 | −0.0023 | (0.0032) | (0.0034) | (0.0052) |
| (0.0083) | (0.0128) | (0.0082) | (0.0086) | (0.0021) | (0.0086) | |
| The log of GDP per capita | 0.0002*** | 0.0001*** | 0.0002*** | 0.0002*** | 0.0000*** | 0.0002*** |
| 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
| Urbanization rate | 0.0027 | −0.0495*** | 0.0006 | (0.0002) | 0.0038** | 0.0057 |
| (0.0070) | (0.0111) | (0.0070) | (0.0075) | (0.0019) | (0.0074) | |
| Inflation (CPI) | 0.0032*** | 0.0003 | 0.0032*** | 0.0029*** | 0.0003** | 0.0031*** |
| (0.0006) | (0.0009) | (0.0006) | (0.0006) | (0.0002) | (0.0006) | |
| Dependency ratio | 0.2572*** | −0.1088*** | 0.2535*** | 0.2639*** | −0.0426*** | 0.2432*** |
| (0.0110) | (0.0155) | (0.0110) | (0.0114) | (0.0026) | (0.0117) | |
| Foreign trade dependence degree | −0.0346*** | −0.0077* | −0.0353*** | −0.0357*** | −0.0189*** | −0.0460*** |
| (0.0033) | (0.0042) | (0.0033) | (0.0035) | (0.0007) | (0.0038) | |
| Annual population growth rate | 0.4508*** | 1.0255*** | 0.4800*** | 0.4531*** | −0.0211 | 0.4727*** |
| (0.1013) | (0.1251) | (0.1011) | (0.1060) | (0.0208) | (0.1052) | |
| Education level | 0.0303*** | −0.0328*** | 0.0289*** | 0.0373*** | −0.0022 | 0.0397*** |
| (0.0073) | (0.0109) | (0.0073) | (0.0076) | (0.0019) | (0.0076) | |
| Investment in the fixed assets | −1.6791*** | −0.1195 | −1.6860*** | −1.6578*** | −0.1680*** | −1.6046*** |
| (0.1251) | (0.2007) | (0.1246) | (0.1288) | (0.0328) | (0.1280) | |
| National effect | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control |
| Time effect | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control |
| Observations | 3,844 | 4,588 | 3,844 | 3,562 | 4,344 | 3,562 |
| R2 | 0.4602 | 0.1822 | 0.4643 | 0.4612 | 0.4167 | 0.4692 |
| Robustness test | Endogenicity test: IV estimation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Explained variable | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
| Income divide (Gini) | Environmental pollution (log of PM2.5 displacement) | Income divide (Gini) | Income divide (Gini) | Environmental pollution (log of CO2 displacement) | Income divide (Gini) | |
| Log of the number of contaminants | −0.0603*** | −0.5390*** | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0695) | |||||
| The proportion of industrial output | 0.1655*** | 0.0486** | 0.1653*** | 0.1706*** | 0.0352*** | 0.1885*** |
| (0.0130) | (0.0194) | (0.0129) | (0.0130) | (0.0031) | (0.0131) | |
| Proportion of service sector output | −0.0026 | −0.0128 | −0.0023 | (0.0032) | (0.0034) | (0.0052) |
| (0.0083) | (0.0128) | (0.0082) | (0.0086) | (0.0021) | (0.0086) | |
| The log of GDP per capita | 0.0002*** | 0.0001*** | 0.0002*** | 0.0002*** | 0.0000*** | 0.0002*** |
| 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
| Urbanization rate | 0.0027 | −0.0495*** | 0.0006 | (0.0002) | 0.0038** | 0.0057 |
| (0.0070) | (0.0111) | (0.0070) | (0.0075) | (0.0019) | (0.0074) | |
| Inflation ( | 0.0032*** | 0.0003 | 0.0032*** | 0.0029*** | 0.0003** | 0.0031*** |
| (0.0006) | (0.0009) | (0.0006) | (0.0006) | (0.0002) | (0.0006) | |
| Dependency ratio | 0.2572*** | −0.1088*** | 0.2535*** | 0.2639*** | −0.0426*** | 0.2432*** |
| (0.0110) | (0.0155) | (0.0110) | (0.0114) | (0.0026) | (0.0117) | |
| Foreign trade dependence degree | −0.0346*** | −0.0077* | −0.0353*** | −0.0357*** | −0.0189*** | −0.0460*** |
| (0.0033) | (0.0042) | (0.0033) | (0.0035) | (0.0007) | (0.0038) | |
| Annual population growth rate | 0.4508*** | 1.0255*** | 0.4800*** | 0.4531*** | −0.0211 | 0.4727*** |
| (0.1013) | (0.1251) | (0.1011) | (0.1060) | (0.0208) | (0.1052) | |
| Education level | 0.0303*** | −0.0328*** | 0.0289*** | 0.0373*** | −0.0022 | 0.0397*** |
| (0.0073) | (0.0109) | (0.0073) | (0.0076) | (0.0019) | (0.0076) | |
| Investment in the fixed assets | −1.6791*** | −0.1195 | −1.6860*** | −1.6578*** | −0.1680*** | −1.6046*** |
| (0.1251) | (0.2007) | (0.1246) | (0.1288) | (0.0328) | (0.1280) | |
| National effect | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control |
| Time effect | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control | Control |
| Observations | 3,844 | 4,588 | 3,844 | 3,562 | 4,344 | 3,562 |
| 0.4602 | 0.1822 | 0.4643 | 0.4612 | 0.4167 | 0.4692 | |
Note(s): And are significant at 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively, with robust standard error in parentheses