AE signal generation parameters
| Health state | Amplitude (A) | Frequency (f, Hz) | Decay (α) | Noise level (η) | No. of bursts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy | 0.02–0.08 | 20–60 kHz | 1,500–4,000 | 0.001–0.01 | 1–2 |
| Degrading | 0.05–0.18 | 15–50 kHz | 800–3,000 | 0.002–0.02 | 2–4 |
| Critical | 0.12–0.40 | 10–40 kHz | 200–2000 | 0.005–0.04 | 4–8 |
| Health state | Amplitude (A) | Frequency (f, Hz) | Decay (α) | Noise level (η) | No. of bursts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy | 0.02–0.08 | 20–60 kHz | 1,500–4,000 | 0.001–0.01 | 1–2 |
| Degrading | 0.05–0.18 | 15–50 kHz | 800–3,000 | 0.002–0.02 | 2–4 |
| Critical | 0.12–0.40 | 10–40 kHz | 200–2000 | 0.005–0.04 | 4–8 |
Note(s): The complete AE signal was obtained by superimposing multiple such bursts at random time intervals within the recording window. A low-amplitude sinusoidal component was added to simulate background machine noise, providing a realistic representation of AE activity in pressure vessels under service loading conditions
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