Representative AE–RUL dataset structure
| Sample ID | Health state | Amplitude (A) | Frequency (Hz) | Energy (E) | Envelope Peak (A_env) | Assigned RUL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | Healthy | 0.04 | 45,000 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 98.7 |
| 002 | Degrading | 0.09 | 32,000 | 0.58 | 0.07 | 60.2 |
| 003 | Critical | 0.31 | 15,000 | 1.94 | 0.25 | 21.6 |
| Sample ID | Health state | Amplitude (A) | Frequency (Hz) | Energy (E) | Envelope Peak (A_env) | Assigned RUL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | Healthy | 0.04 | 45,000 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 98.7 |
| 002 | Degrading | 0.09 | 32,000 | 0.58 | 0.07 | 60.2 |
| 003 | Critical | 0.31 | 15,000 | 1.94 | 0.25 | 21.6 |
Note(s): This synthetic dataset forms the foundation of the digital twin's learning process, linking the AE waveform characteristics to both structural condition and expected life
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