Summary of Stakeholder vs. Service User Differences across Expectancy Dimensions
| Extended expectancy theory dimensions | Professionals | Tourism service users | Key elements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Expectancy (Technical Capability) | High | Moderate–High | Both groups acknowledge blockchain’s technical potential |
| Instrumentality (Operational Outcomes) | High | Moderate | Stakeholders perceive clearer business and efficiency gains |
| Valence (Outcome Desirability) | Moderate–Low | Low | Trust and data protection concerns reduce perceived value |
| Familiarity | Low–Moderate | Low | Limited knowledge constrains confidence across groups |
| Trust/Data Protection | Low | Low | Shared motivational barrier to adoption |
| Extended expectancy theory dimensions | Professionals | Tourism service users | Key elements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Expectancy (Technical Capability) | High | Moderate–High | Both groups acknowledge blockchain’s technical potential |
| Instrumentality (Operational Outcomes) | High | Moderate | Stakeholders perceive clearer business and efficiency gains |
| Valence (Outcome Desirability) | Moderate–Low | Low | Trust and data protection concerns reduce perceived value |
| Familiarity | Low–Moderate | Low | Limited knowledge constrains confidence across groups |
| Trust/Data Protection | Low | Low | Shared motivational barrier to adoption |
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