Table 1. Description of transaction... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Description of transaction costs observed in the chain, factors that generate them and the possibility of insertion of 4.0 technologies with high relevance

TC construct	Source of TC	Reduction of TC using 4.0 technologies	Relevance
Screening cost	Uncertainty about the reliability of potential suppliers	Blockchain to centralize information about the value chain (distributed ledger) (Upadhyay et al., 2021). Blockchain to detect unethical suppliers: information recorded only by authorized sources (Saberi et al., 2019). SCs as a way to define interaction between actors and digital verification (Saberi et al., 2019)	High
Environmental sourcing and GSCM	Selection of suppliers: stability, profitability, technological compatibility, volume to be purchased, reputation, safety and environment	Blockchain monitoring of the value chain during the product journey, with key data recording to ensure product quality (Upadhyay et al., 2021), uphold human rights, labor practices (Saberi et al., 2019) and tracking sustainable supply chains (Böckel et al., Böckel et al., 2021; Schmidt & Wagner, 2019). Blockchain as a source of ex ante and ex post traceability (Pakseresht et al., 2023)	High
Ex post monitoring and transportation costs	Uncertainty of product quality variations and quality assurance, inspection costs and quality measurement methods	Blockchain as a digital record of decentralized data (Raimondi, 2022) and as a link to distributed ledgers, databases, and stakeholders (Upadhyay et al., 2021); RFID sensing: sharing data on production, processing, storage and distribution (Putri et al., 2020)	High
Technological specificity	Possible losses due to idle capacity after equipment installation	Framework for using permissioned blockchain (Hyperledger Fabric) for firms to share information privately and confidentially with partners and competitors in a value chain. (Chou et al., 2023; Ravi et al., 2022)	High

TC construct	Source of TC	Reduction of TC using 4.0 technologies	Relevance
Screening cost	Uncertainty about the reliability of potential suppliers	Blockchain to centralize information about the value chain (distributed ledger) (Upadhyay et al., 2021). Blockchain to detect unethical suppliers: information recorded only by authorized sources (Saberi et al., 2019). SCs as a way to define interaction between actors and digital verification (Saberi et al., 2019)	High
Environmental sourcing and GSCM	Selection of suppliers: stability, profitability, technological compatibility, volume to be purchased, reputation, safety and environment	Blockchain monitoring of the value chain during the product journey, with key data recording to ensure product quality (Upadhyay et al., 2021), uphold human rights, labor practices (Saberi et al., 2019) and tracking sustainable supply chains (Böckel et al., Böckel et al., 2021; Schmidt & Wagner, 2019). Blockchain as a source of ex ante and ex post traceability (Pakseresht et al., 2023)	High
Ex post monitoring andtransportation costs	Uncertainty of product quality variations and quality assurance, inspection costs and quality measurement methods	Blockchain as a digital record of decentralized data (Raimondi, 2022) and as a link to distributed ledgers, databases, and stakeholders (Upadhyay et al., 2021); RFID sensing: sharing data on production, processing, storage and distribution (Putri et al., 2020)	High
Technological specificity	Possible losses due to idle capacity after equipment installation	Framework for using permissioned blockchain (Hyperledger Fabric) for firms to share information privately and confidentially with partners and competitors in a value chain. (Chou et al., 2023; Ravi et al., 2022)	High

Source(s): Authors’ own work