Identification of the main and secondary purposes to develop and implement ARs manufactured through additive manufacturing technologies and its correlation with the objectives determined by the Practical Guidelines for the Use of Artificial Reefs (PGUAR)
| No. | ARs | Main purpose | Secondary purposes | Reference | PGUAR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (a) | Hope 3D | Preserve threatened coral species across the entire reef model in Hol Chan Marine Reserve (MPA) | Attract fish communities with an eco-friendly material approach | Cowo (2018); Suchin (2019, 2018) | (3, 4, 7, 9) |
| (b) | MARS | Develop a coral farming structure to encourage the natural recruitment of juvenile coral and facilitate transplantation | Rebuild reef structures Habitat protection for other species | Goad (2018), Reef Design Lab (2019) | (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8) |
| (c) | Living SeaWalls | Enhance biodiversity and ecological function on urban structures | Educational programs to promote science Shelter juvenile fish Provide additional habitat opportunities to fish, seaweed, oysters, other molluscs, lace corals, sea squirts and sponges Provide moisture retention and cooling through water-retaining features | Reef Design Lab (2018), Torres-Pulliza et al. (2020) | (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8) |
| (d) | Wave Break | Provide coastal protection and habitat enhancement | Promote snorkelling activities Reduce waves force and prevent further erosion Encourage natural recruitment of marine organisms Promote mussel and oyster colonisation | Goad (2022), VRCA (2022) | (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10) |
| (e) | Snapper Reef Unit | Replace damaged reef structures to provide habitat diversity | Build the first ARs through AM technologies | Gardiner (2011), Reef Arabia (2012) | (2, 3, 4, 5, 6) |
| (f) | Boskalis Reef | Improve ecology and the quality of seawater at Monaco Larvotto Reserve (MPA) | Promote ecosystem restoration by creating habitat for macro-invertebrates and fish Mimic natural habitat | Jacqueline et al. (2017); Riera et al. (2020, 2018) | (3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9) |
| (g) | Hanging Fish House | Accommodate fouling marine organisms and juvenile fish | Provide shelter for juvenile fish | Schofield (2020a, 2020b) | (4, 5, 6, 8) |
| (h) | 3D ReefVival | Assist native oyster recruitment and restoration | Assessing the effectiveness of the material and technology Experimental research Promote colonisation of encrusting sessile organisms Recovery shellfish reef | Kardinaal et al. (2020), WWF Netherlands (2018) | (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9) |
| (i) | X-Reef | Protect biodiversity and recreate ecological habitat in the Calanques national park (MPA) | Mimic Coralligenous habitat in the Mediterranean Research study | Salaün et al. (2020); XtreeE (2017) | (3, 4, 5, 6, 9) |
| (j) | Biomimetic reef | Promote underwater biodiversity to Mediterranean coastal fauna and flora in Cap d’Agde (MPA) | Facilitate the resilience of fish Enhance surface orientation for colonisation | Salaün et al. (2020); XtreeE (2019) | (3, 4, 5, 6, 9) |
| (k) | X-Coral | Replace part of a damaged reef to attract fish | Research new morphologies to form marine habitats | Berman et al. (2023) | (4, 6, 7, 8) |
| (l) | 3DPARE | Enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services | Stimulate colonisation to the recovery of damaged ecosystems Evaluate the environmental impact of the materials used Research monitoring study | Hall et al. (2018), Interreg (2019); Yoris-Nobile et al. (2023) | (4, 5, 6, 8) |
| (m) | Recif’Lab L1 | Provide marine surface buoys (replacing cement-filled tires) to mark coastal strip of 300 m | Promote marine biodiversity and attract juvenile fish species in Agathoise MPA | Denolly (2020); Recif’Lab (2022); Seaboost Ecological Engineering (2021) | (4, 5, 7, 9) |
| (n) | 3D printed reef tiles | Restore and enhance coral survivorship and growth in Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park (MPA) | Prevent sedimentation build-up Promote marine life education | (ArchiReefs, 2020; Lange et al., 2020) | (2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9) |
| (o) | InnovaReef | Restore the coral ecosystem through the promotion of coral larval settlement and juvenile transplantation | Restore and enhance the sea fertility of Thailand’s marine ecosystem | Chulalongkorn (2020) | (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8) |
| (p) | Recif’Lab L2 | Preserve marine biodiversity in Cap d’Adge MPA, promoting specific divers interested species (fish, octopus and lobster) and reduce deteriorate natural ecosystem | Promote Scuba diving Target different life stages species | Seaboost Ecological Engineering (2022) | (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) |
| No. | ARs | Main purpose | Secondary purposes | Reference | PGUAR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hope 3D | Preserve threatened coral species across the entire reef model in Hol Chan Marine Reserve (MPA) | Attract fish communities with an eco-friendly material approach | (3, 4, 7, 9) | ||
| MARS | Develop a coral farming structure to encourage the natural recruitment of juvenile coral and facilitate transplantation | Rebuild reef structures | (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8) | ||
| Living SeaWalls | Enhance biodiversity and ecological function on urban structures | Educational programs to promote science | (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8) | ||
| Wave Break | Provide coastal protection and habitat enhancement | Promote snorkelling activities | (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10) | ||
| Snapper Reef Unit | Replace damaged reef structures to provide habitat diversity | Build the first ARs through AM technologies | (2, 3, 4, 5, 6) | ||
| Boskalis Reef | Improve ecology and the quality of seawater at Monaco Larvotto Reserve (MPA) | Promote ecosystem restoration by creating habitat for macro-invertebrates and fish | (3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9) | ||
| Hanging Fish House | Accommodate fouling marine organisms and juvenile fish | Provide shelter for juvenile fish | (4, 5, 6, 8) | ||
| 3D ReefVival | Assist native oyster recruitment and restoration | Assessing the effectiveness of the material and technology | (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9) | ||
| X-Reef | Protect biodiversity and recreate ecological habitat in the Calanques national park (MPA) | Mimic Coralligenous habitat in the Mediterranean | (3, 4, 5, 6, 9) | ||
| Biomimetic reef | Promote underwater biodiversity to Mediterranean coastal fauna and flora in Cap d’Agde (MPA) | Facilitate the resilience of fish | (3, 4, 5, 6, 9) | ||
| X-Coral | Replace part of a damaged reef to attract fish | Research new morphologies to form marine habitats | (4, 6, 7, 8) | ||
| 3DPARE | Enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services | Stimulate colonisation to the recovery of damaged ecosystems | (4, 5, 6, 8) | ||
| Recif’Lab L1 | Provide marine surface buoys (replacing cement-filled tires) to mark coastal strip of 300 m | Promote marine biodiversity and attract juvenile fish species in Agathoise MPA | (4, 5, 7, 9) | ||
| 3D printed reef tiles | Restore and enhance coral survivorship and growth in Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park (MPA) | Prevent sedimentation build-up | ( | (2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9) | |
| InnovaReef | Restore the coral ecosystem through the promotion of coral larval settlement and juvenile transplantation | Restore and enhance the sea fertility of Thailand’s marine ecosystem | (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8) | ||
| Recif’Lab L2 | Preserve marine biodiversity in Cap d’Adge MPA, promoting specific divers interested species (fish, octopus and lobster) and reduce deteriorate natural ecosystem | Promote Scuba diving | (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) |
(1) Protecting sensitive habitats from fishing industry activities; (2) restoring degraded habitats; (3) mitigating habitat loss; (4) enhancing biodiversity; (5) providing shelter to marine populations during their life stages; (6) providing new substrates for benthic communities settle on them; (7) enhancing professional and recreational diving areas; (8) promoting research and education field; (9) creating a potential network of marine protected areas; and (10) enhancing coastal erosion protection
Sharing content requires targeting cookies to be enabled. Please update your cookie preferences to use this feature.