Materials used in the manufacture of the ARs
| No. | ARs | Material specification | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| (a) | Hope 3D | Polylactic acid (PLA) | Suchin (2018) |
| (b) | MARS | Ceramic filled with cement and steel reinforcement | Reef Design Lab (2019) |
| (c) | Living Seawalls | Glass fibre reinforced cement (with recycled polymer fibres) Stainless steel rods drilled for installation | Living Seawalls (2018), Reef Design Lab (2018) |
| (d) | Wave Break | Cement and recycled shell aggregate | Goad (2022) |
| (e) | Snapper Reef Unit | Magnesia cement (binder), dolomite sand and sedimentary rocks (aggregate) | Dini and Monolite (2016) |
| (f) | Boskalis Reef | Dolomite sand (material base), magnesium oxide (binder) | Jacqueline et al. (2017) |
| (g) | Hanging Fish House | Calcium carbonate (limestone) and bio-based resin derived from bamboo | Schofield (2020a) |
| (h) | 3D ReefVival | Dolomite sand, trass flour (TubagTM), white cement (CEM I/II) and fresh tap water | Colsoul et al. (2020), Kardinaal et al. (2020); Reef Design Lab (2017), Tubag (2024) |
| (i) | X-Reef | Cement LafargeHolcim | Holcim (2024), XtreeE (2017) |
| (j) | Biomimetic Reef | Cement Vicat. | Vicat (2024), XtreeE (2019) |
| (k) | X-Coral | Atomised clay mixture (Goerg and Schneider Body 0311) composed of iron oxide (6.5%), sodium-silicate (binder) | Berman et al. (2023) |
| (l) | 3DPARE | Cement mortarCement CEM III/B, fly ash, kaolin, limestone, seashells, glass | Yoris-Nobile et al. (2023) |
| Geopolymer mortarFly ash, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), nano-silica, micro-silica, limestone, seashells and glass | |||
| (m) | Recif’Lab L1 | Cement Vicat | Seaboost Ecological Engineering (2021); Vicat, 2024) |
| (n) | 3D-Printed Reef Tiles | Red terracotta clay (P1331, Potterycrafts Ltd), crystalline silica | Lange et al. (2020) |
| (o) | InnovaReef | Recycled cement | Chulalongkorn (2020) |
| (p) | Recif’Lab L2 | Cement Vicat | Seaboost Ecological Engineering (2022) |
| No. | ARs | Material specification | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hope 3D | Polylactic acid (PLA) | ||
| MARS | Ceramic filled with cement and steel reinforcement | ||
| Living Seawalls | Glass fibre reinforced cement (with recycled polymer fibres) Stainless steel rods drilled for installation | ||
| Wave Break | Cement and recycled shell aggregate | ||
| Snapper Reef Unit | Magnesia cement (binder), dolomite sand and sedimentary rocks (aggregate) | ||
| Boskalis Reef | Dolomite sand (material base), magnesium oxide (binder) | ||
| Hanging Fish House | Calcium carbonate (limestone) and bio-based resin derived from bamboo | ||
| 3D ReefVival | Dolomite sand, trass flour (TubagTM), white cement (CEM I/II) and fresh tap water | ||
| X-Reef | Cement LafargeHolcim | ||
| Biomimetic Reef | Cement Vicat. | ||
| X-Coral | Atomised clay mixture (Goerg and Schneider Body 0311) composed of iron oxide (6.5%), sodium-silicate (binder) | ||
| 3DPARE | Cement mortarCement CEM III/B, fly ash, kaolin, limestone, seashells, glass | ||
| Geopolymer mortarFly ash, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), nano-silica, micro-silica, limestone, seashells and glass | |||
| Recif’Lab L1 | Cement Vicat | ||
| 3D-Printed Reef Tiles | Red terracotta clay (P1331, Potterycrafts Ltd), crystalline silica | ||
| InnovaReef | Recycled cement | ||
| Recif’Lab L2 | Cement Vicat |
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