Three types of foreign MNEs in China
| Type 1: integrated | Type 2: autonomous | Type 3: excluded | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Development of twin innovations (AI/GT) | Mostly in contributing to a specific number of cross-company innovation projects led by local and regional authorities | To some degree within the company; more focused on bringing outside knowledge and solutions into the company | Very thin to non-existent |
| Role within Chinese cluster organizations | Strong integration into existing cluster organizations in AI and GT, relying on a strong network | Weak integration due to own motives in being detached from the innovation system, only unidirectional ties with specific research contractors | Mostly no integration into existing organizations of innovation |
| Collaborative actors | Interdisciplinary: local and regional authorities, companies, startups, universities, research institutions | Selective: universities, startups | Deficient: mostly non-existent |
| Type 1: integrated | Type 2: autonomous | Type 3: excluded | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Development of twin innovations (AI/GT) | Mostly in contributing to a specific number of cross-company innovation projects led by local and regional authorities | To some degree within the company; more focused on bringing outside knowledge and solutions into the company | Very thin to non-existent |
| Role within Chinese cluster organizations | Strong integration into existing cluster organizations in AI and GT, relying on a strong network | Weak integration due to own motives in being detached from the innovation system, only unidirectional ties with specific research contractors | Mostly no integration into existing organizations of innovation |
| Collaborative actors | Interdisciplinary: local and regional authorities, companies, startups, universities, research institutions | Selective: universities, startups | Deficient: mostly non-existent |