Table 1 Key factors enabling co-creation...

Table 1

Key factors enabling co-creation in rural development ecosystems, organized by main categories and subcategories

Main category	Subcategories*	Description
Structure and Process	Facilitation	The role of a facilitator in guiding the co-creative process, making sure there is structure, and keeping momentum
	Credibility	The perceived legitimacy of the facilitator
	Trust	Having a facilitator that is trusted by the community as well as the process of building trust between participants
	Time	The impact of time constraints, rushed process
	Organizational framework	The structure of the workshops as well as how invitation and call for participation was done
	Resources	The availability of financial, human, and material resources (e.g. facilitators, meeting spaces) that enable structured co-creation
Engagement and motivation	Trust	The importance of mutual trust among participants and the facilitator to allow for open communication
	Driving force	The presence of committed individuals or groups who champion and sustain the initiative
	Personal commitment	Individual motivation rooted in personal and/or connection to the place
	External threat	Perceived threats (e.g. school closure) that catalyze community action and urgency to collaborate
	Sense of impact	Motivation strengthened by seeing tangible outcomes and feeling empowered to make a difference
	Resources	Access to ongoing support (e.g. time, funding, capacity) needed to maintain engagement and prevent burnout

Main category	Subcategories*	Description
Structure and Process	Facilitation	The role of a facilitator in guiding the co-creative process, making sure there is structure, and keeping momentum
	Credibility	The perceived legitimacy of the facilitator
	Trust	Having a facilitator that is trusted by the community as well as the process of building trust between participants
	Time	The impact of time constraints, rushed process
	Organizational framework	The structure of the workshops as well as how invitation and call for participation was done
	Resources	The availability of financial, human, and material resources (e.g. facilitators, meeting spaces) that enable structured co-creation
Engagement and motivation	Trust	The importance of mutual trust among participants and the facilitator to allow for open communication
	Driving force	The presence of committed individuals or groups who champion and sustain the initiative
	Personal commitment	Individual motivation rooted in personal and/or connection to the place
	External threat	Perceived threats (e.g. school closure) that catalyze community action and urgency to collaborate
	Sense of impact	Motivation strengthened by seeing tangible outcomes and feeling empowered to make a difference
	Resources	Access to ongoing support (e.g. time, funding, capacity) needed to maintain engagement and prevent burnout

Note(s): *Some subcategories appear in both main categories due to their dual role in enabling structures and sustaining engagement within co-creative processes

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