Table 2

Contrasting continuous improvement (within a siloed organization) and collaborative improvement (across organizational ecosystems)

Continuous improvement—within one organizationCollaborative improvement—across organizational ecosystems
Often provided in a top-down format, with clear roles and hierarchiesStructure is …Often negotiated among actors. Friction or ambiguity is common, requiring facilitation to align
Defined and systematic, often utilizing established frameworks (e.g. PDSA, Six Sigma)Process is …Iterative and flexible, requiring adaptability to accommodate diverse stakeholder needs
Preexisting and typically well-established within the organizationRelationships are …Often need to be formed, relying on trust-building and mutual understanding
Built on established relationships, organizational hierarchy, and clear communication of roles and expectationsTrust is …Critical but often underdeveloped at the outset; requires deliberate facilitation and ongoing efforts to build credibility and align expectations. Trust is both a foundation and a dynamic process
Encouraged through organizational directives and intrinsic motivation of employeesEngagement is …Requires voluntary participation, driven by shared benefits and collective ownership
Organizational goals, productivity, and customer satisfactionMotivated by …Common challenges, shared community goals, and external pressures
Aligned with internal organizational priorities, such as efficiency and qualityGoals are …More difficult to agree on across stakeholders, often balancing diverse and sometimes conflicting objectives
Defined by leadership and communicated clearly to all employeesA vision is …Often collaboratively developed, requiring negotiation and agreement among diverse stakeholders

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