Characteristics of included studies and robotic technologies
| Author(s) (year) | Design | Sample | Setting | Robot type | Robot function and key features |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boman and Bartfai (2015) | Qualitative | 3 OTs, 3 patients, 4 nurses | Swedish inpatient rehabilitation | Giraff (Mobile Telepresence Robot: 163 cm mobile base with screen, camera, speakers) | Remote monitoring and safety assessment via video communication, remote navigation, automatic docking |
| Bourassa et al. (2023) | Quantitative cross-sectional | 93 OTs | Canada, USA, Europe (rehabilitation and community) | JACO, iARM (Wheelchair-Mounted robotic arms mounted on wheelchair base) | Assistive independence for daily tasks via adaptive control interfaces (joystick, touchscreen) for eating, grooming, door opening |
| Flynn et al. (2019) | Qualitative (focus groups) | 6 OTs, 6 PTs | Australian rehabilitation | InMotion2 (Stationary electromechanical device with arm-like structure) | High-repetition upper limb exercises via adaptive support, movement tracking, visual feedback, progress monitoring |
| Flynn et al. (2025) | Qualitative (focus groups) | 5 OTs, 4 PTs | Australian rehabilitation | InMotion2 (Stationary electromechanical device with arm-like structure) | High-repetition upper limb exercises via active-assisted movement, visual feedback and semi-supervised practice |
| Komariyah et al. (2024) | Mixed-methods sequential | 113 OTs (quantitative), 11 OTs (qualitative) | Indonesian paediatric/ASD settings | Social robots: Humanoid (nao, KASPAR, zeno) and animal-inspired (AIBO, Paro, CuDDler) | Social interaction and skill development for children with ASD via Two-way interaction, emotion recognition, behaviour modelling, sensory response |
| Mackenzie et al. (2025) | Mixed-methods pilot | 7 patients, 8 health professionals | Australian inpatient SCI unit | Diego™ (computer interface with screen and mechanical frame) | Gamified upper limb recovery via gravity compensation, interactive games, real-time feedback, customisable difficulty |
| Mashizume et al. (2021) | Qualitative (focus groups) | 27 OTs | Japanese rehabilitation hospitals | ReoGo VR-J (desktop robotic system with mechanical arm and screen) | Independent movement training for ADLs via preset motion patterns, adjustable assistance, visual feedback, trial-and-error learning |
| Proulx et al. (2023) | Mixed-method | 14 OTs | Canadian rehabilitation/outpatient | ExoGlove (wearable glove with embedded cables and forearm-mounted motor module) | Task-specific hand rehabilitation via motorised assistance, mirror mode, programmable movements, adjustable settings |
| Author(s) (year) | Design | Sample | Setting | Robot type | Robot function and key features |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qualitative | 3 OTs, 3 patients, 4 nurses | Swedish inpatient rehabilitation | Giraff (Mobile Telepresence Robot: 163 cm mobile base with screen, camera, speakers) | Remote monitoring and safety assessment via video communication, remote navigation, automatic docking | |
| Quantitative cross-sectional | 93 OTs | Canada, USA, Europe (rehabilitation and community) | JACO, iARM (Wheelchair-Mounted robotic arms mounted on wheelchair base) | Assistive independence for daily tasks via adaptive control interfaces (joystick, touchscreen) for eating, grooming, door opening | |
| Qualitative (focus groups) | 6 OTs, 6 PTs | Australian rehabilitation | InMotion2 (Stationary electromechanical device with arm-like structure) | High-repetition upper limb exercises via adaptive support, movement tracking, visual feedback, progress monitoring | |
| Qualitative (focus groups) | 5 OTs, 4 PTs | Australian rehabilitation | InMotion2 (Stationary electromechanical device with arm-like structure) | High-repetition upper limb exercises via active-assisted movement, visual feedback and semi-supervised practice | |
| Mixed-methods sequential | 113 OTs (quantitative), 11 OTs (qualitative) | Indonesian paediatric/ASD settings | Social robots: Humanoid (nao, KASPAR, zeno) and animal-inspired (AIBO, Paro, CuDDler) | Social interaction and skill development for children with | |
| Mixed-methods pilot | 7 patients, 8 health professionals | Australian inpatient | Diego™ (computer interface with screen and mechanical frame) | Gamified upper limb recovery via gravity compensation, interactive games, real-time feedback, customisable difficulty | |
| Qualitative (focus groups) | 27 OTs | Japanese rehabilitation hospitals | ReoGo VR-J (desktop robotic system with mechanical arm and screen) | Independent movement training for ADLs via preset motion patterns, adjustable assistance, visual feedback, trial-and-error learning | |
| Mixed-method | 14 OTs | Canadian rehabilitation/outpatient | ExoGlove (wearable glove with embedded cables and forearm-mounted motor module) | Task-specific hand rehabilitation via motorised assistance, mirror mode, programmable movements, adjustable settings |
Key: OT refers to Occupational Therapist, PT refers to Physiotherapist, ASD stands for Autism Spectrum Disorder, SCI stands for Spinal Cord Injury, ADL/ADLs refer to Activity or Activities of Daily Living
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