Table 2 The relationship between locus...

Table 2

The relationship between locus of control and volunteering participation and frequency

	Ordinary least squares (OLSs)	Fixed effect (FE)
Panel A: Volunteering participation
Locus of Control	0.036***	0.012***
Locus of Control	(0.002)	(0.002)
Age	−0.001	−0.035 **
Age	(0.001)	(0.003)
Ln income	0.016***	0.013***
Ln income	(0.001)	(0.003)
Education
Low education	−0.094***	−0.063
Low education	(0.008)	(0.061)
Medium education	0.032***	0.006
Medium education	(0.007)	(0.035)
High education	0.111***	0.012
High education	(0.008)	(0.030)
Employment
Retired	0.058***	0.071***
Retired	(0.004)	(0.007)
Unemployed	−0.049 ***	0.021**
Unemployed	(0.005)	(0.008)
Marital status
Married/spouse	−0.004	0.292***
Married/spouse	(0.006)	(0.070)
Never married	0.009	0.161
Never married	(0.006)	(0.146)
Widowed	−0.001	−0.055**
Widowed	(0.005)	(0.018)
Household size	−0.005***	0.002
Household size	(0.002)	(0.014)
Chronic diseases	0.004***	0.005**
Chronic diseases	(0.001)	(0.002)
ADL	−0.002	−0.002
ADL	(0.003)	(0.004)
IADL	−0.009**	−0.016**
IADL	(0.004)	(0.005)
Body weight
Healthy weight	0.018**	0.054
Healthy weight	(0.008)	(0.038)
Overweight	0.011	0.078*
Overweight	(0.008)	(0.039)
Obese	−0.008	−0.104**
Obese	(0.009)	(0.040)
Cognitive functions
Fluency	0.004***	0.003**
Fluency	(0.001)	(0.001)
Memory	0.005***	0.002
Memory	(0.002)	(0.002)
Numeracy	0.007***	0.004
Numeracy	(0.001)	(0.005)
Observations	88,986	88,986
Individuals	49,145	49,145
Panel B: Volunteering frequency
Locus of control	0.023***	0.036***
Locus of control	(0.005)	(0.011)
Age	−0.004	−0.013
Age	(0.006)	(0.080)
Ln income	0.008**	0.014*
Ln income	(0.003)	(0.008)
Education
Low education	−0.007	−0.951*
Low education	(0.033)	(0.552)
Medium education	0.005	0.903*
Medium education	(0.031)	(0.515)
High education	0.094***	0.015
High education	(0.032)	(0.014)
Employment
Retired	0.041***	0.058***
Retired	(0.006)	(0.051)
Unemployed	−0.031***	0.019*
Unemployed	(0.007)	(0.010)
Marital status
Married/spouse	−0.278**	0.142
Married/spouse	(0.015)	(0.115)
Registered partner	−0.035**	0.067
Registered partner	(0.016)	(0.121)
Widowed	−0.010	0.224
Widowed	(0.017)	(0.125)
Household size	−0.010**	−0.021
Household size	(0.004)	(0.013)
Chronic diseases	−0.007**	−0.016 ***
Chronic diseases	(0.004)	(0.004)
ADL	−0.006	0.029**
ADL	(0.009)	(0.013)
IADL	−0.008**	−0.015**
IADL	(0.004)	(0.006)
Body weight
Underweight	−0.012	0.007
Underweight	(0.027)	(0.039)
Healthy weight	0.014	0.018
Healthy weight	(0.011)	(0.021)
Overweight	0.010	0.075*
Overweight	(0.010)	(0.034)
Cognitive functions
Fluency	−0.003**	0.001
Fluency	(0.001)	(0.001)
Memory	0.002	0.003
Memory	(0.001)	(0.002)
Numeracy	−0.010**	0.010
Numeracy	(0.004)	(0.006)
Observations	15,954	15,954
Individuals	10,956	10,956

	Ordinary least squares (OLSs)	Fixed effect (FE)
Panel A: Volunteering participation
Locus of Control	0.036***	0.012***
Locus of Control	(0.002)	(0.002)
Age	−0.001	−0.035 **
Age	(0.001)	(0.003)
Ln income	0.016***	0.013***
Ln income	(0.001)	(0.003)
Education
Low education	−0.094***	−0.063
Low education	(0.008)	(0.061)
Medium education	0.032***	0.006
Medium education	(0.007)	(0.035)
High education	0.111***	0.012
High education	(0.008)	(0.030)
Employment
Retired	0.058***	0.071***
Retired	(0.004)	(0.007)
Unemployed	−0.049 ***	0.021**
Unemployed	(0.005)	(0.008)
Marital status
Married/spouse	−0.004	0.292***
Married/spouse	(0.006)	(0.070)
Never married	0.009	0.161
Never married	(0.006)	(0.146)
Widowed	−0.001	−0.055**
Widowed	(0.005)	(0.018)
Household size	−0.005***	0.002
Household size	(0.002)	(0.014)
Chronic diseases	0.004***	0.005**
Chronic diseases	(0.001)	(0.002)
ADL	−0.002	−0.002
ADL	(0.003)	(0.004)
IADL	−0.009**	−0.016**
IADL	(0.004)	(0.005)
Body weight
Healthy weight	0.018**	0.054
Healthy weight	(0.008)	(0.038)
Overweight	0.011	0.078*
Overweight	(0.008)	(0.039)
Obese	−0.008	−0.104**
Obese	(0.009)	(0.040)
Cognitive functions
Fluency	0.004***	0.003**
Fluency	(0.001)	(0.001)
Memory	0.005***	0.002
Memory	(0.002)	(0.002)
Numeracy	0.007***	0.004
Numeracy	(0.001)	(0.005)
Observations	88,986	88,986
Individuals	49,145	49,145
Panel B: Volunteering frequency
Locus of control	0.023***	0.036***
Locus of control	(0.005)	(0.011)
Age	−0.004	−0.013
Age	(0.006)	(0.080)
Ln income	0.008**	0.014*
Ln income	(0.003)	(0.008)
Education
Low education	−0.007	−0.951*
Low education	(0.033)	(0.552)
Medium education	0.005	0.903*
Medium education	(0.031)	(0.515)
High education	0.094***	0.015
High education	(0.032)	(0.014)
Employment
Retired	0.041***	0.058***
Retired	(0.006)	(0.051)
Unemployed	−0.031***	0.019*
Unemployed	(0.007)	(0.010)
Marital status
Married/spouse	−0.278**	0.142
Married/spouse	(0.015)	(0.115)
Registered partner	−0.035**	0.067
Registered partner	(0.016)	(0.121)
Widowed	−0.010	0.224
Widowed	(0.017)	(0.125)
Household size	−0.010**	−0.021
Household size	(0.004)	(0.013)
Chronic diseases	−0.007**	−0.016 ***
Chronic diseases	(0.004)	(0.004)
ADL	−0.006	0.029**
ADL	(0.009)	(0.013)
IADL	−0.008**	−0.015**
IADL	(0.004)	(0.006)
Body weight
Underweight	−0.012	0.007
Underweight	(0.027)	(0.039)
Healthy weight	0.014	0.018
Healthy weight	(0.011)	(0.021)
Overweight	0.010	0.075*
Overweight	(0.010)	(0.034)
Cognitive functions
Fluency	−0.003**	0.001
Fluency	(0.001)	(0.001)
Memory	0.002	0.003
Memory	(0.001)	(0.002)
Numeracy	−0.010**	0.010
Numeracy	(0.004)	(0.006)
Observations	15,954	15,954
Individuals	10,956	10,956

Note(s): Control variables also include wave, country and language dummies. Standard errors, clustered at the individual level, appear in parentheses

***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05 and *p < 0.1

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