Variables used in the analysis of willingness to pay for ecosystem conservation.
| Variable | Description |
|---|---|
| Dependent variable | Marginal willingness to pay; initial estimates of primary study converted into 2010 prices followed by purchasing power parity dollars using Penn PPP index |
| Explanatory variables | |
| Conservation type (T) | |
| Preservation | Dummy = 1 if management strategy was preservation; else 0 |
| Forest restoration | Dummy = 1 if management strategy was forest restoration; else 0 |
| Freshwater restoration | Dummy = 1 if management strategy was freshwater restoration; else 0 |
| Conservation scope (S)a | |
| Attribute | Dummy = 1 if improvement was in a specific attribute; else 0 |
| Program low | Dummy = 1 if improvement was program low (improvement in more than attribute); else 0 |
| Program high | Dummy=1 if improvement was program high (improvement in more than one attribute); else 0 |
| Valuation characteristics (V) | |
| Sample size | Number of households (or individuals) used in estimation by primary study |
| Elicitation format | |
| Choice experiment (CE) | Dummy = 1 if choice experiment (CE), else 0 |
| Dichotomous choice (DCCV) | Dummy = 1 if contingent ranking (CR), else 0 |
| Contingent ranking (CR) | Dummy = 1 if dichotomous choice contingent valuation (DCCV), else 0 |
| CE × ASC | Dummy = 1 if WTP computation based on CE included ASC |
| Payment vehicle | |
| Tax | Dummy = 1 if payment vehicle tax, else 0 |
| Fees | Dummy = 1 if payment vehicle fees (higher utility bill), else 0 |
| Voluntary | Dummy = 1 if payment vehicle voluntary contribution, else 0 |
| Payment frequencyb | Dummy = 1 if payment was onetime lump sum payment, else 0 (the alternative was a recurring payment) |
| WTP form – household | Dummy = 1 if primary study estimated household WTP, else 0 (the alternative was individual WTP) |
| Context characteristics (C) | |
| Trend | Year 1985 (=1) through 2011 (=27); the period during which surveys by the primary studies were administered. |
| USA | Dummy = 1 if country was USA; else 0 (countries including Canada, Finland, Germany, Poland, Spain, UK were treated as a group) |
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita expressed in 2010 prices in each country followed by conversion into purchasing power dollars |
| Variable | Description |
|---|---|
| Marginal willingness to pay; initial estimates of primary study converted into 2010 prices followed by purchasing power parity dollars using Penn PPP index | |
| Preservation | Dummy = 1 if management strategy was preservation; else 0 |
| Forest restoration | Dummy = 1 if management strategy was forest restoration; else 0 |
| Freshwater restoration | Dummy = 1 if management strategy was freshwater restoration; else 0 |
| Attribute | Dummy = 1 if improvement was in a specific attribute; else 0 |
| Program low | Dummy = 1 if improvement was program low (improvement in more than attribute); else 0 |
| Program high | Dummy=1 if improvement was program high (improvement in more than one attribute); else 0 |
| Sample size | Number of households (or individuals) used in estimation by primary study |
| Elicitation format | |
| Choice experiment (CE) | Dummy = 1 if choice experiment (CE), else 0 |
| Dichotomous choice (DCCV) | Dummy = 1 if contingent ranking (CR), else 0 |
| Contingent ranking (CR) | Dummy = 1 if dichotomous choice contingent valuation (DCCV), else 0 |
| CE × ASC | Dummy = 1 if WTP computation based on CE included ASC |
| Payment vehicle | |
| Tax | Dummy = 1 if payment vehicle tax, else 0 |
| Fees | Dummy = 1 if payment vehicle fees (higher utility bill), else 0 |
| Voluntary | Dummy = 1 if payment vehicle voluntary contribution, else 0 |
| Payment frequency | Dummy = 1 if payment was onetime lump sum payment, else 0 (the alternative was a recurring payment) |
| WTP form – household | Dummy = 1 if primary study estimated household WTP, else 0 (the alternative was individual WTP) |
| Trend | Year 1985 (=1) through 2011 (=27); the period during which surveys by the primary studies were administered. |
| USA | Dummy = 1 if country was USA; else 0 (countries including Canada, Finland, Germany, Poland, Spain, UK were treated as a group) |
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita expressed in 2010 prices in each country followed by conversion into purchasing power dollars |
This classification encompasses improvements in a given attribute (s) in quantitative as well as qualitative terms depending on how the primary studies framed changes.
Recurring payments by households were to last for one of the three periods: 5 years, 10 years, or ongoing indefinitely.
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