Table 4 Descriptive statistics of...

Table 4

Descriptive statistics of variables used in the parameter estimation (N = 127).

Variable	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max
Dependent variable
Willingness to pay: 2010 US dollar equivalents	70.868	87.845	0.742	480.349
Log willingness to pay: 2010 US dollar equivalents	3.500	1.376	-0.298	6.175
Explanatory variables
Type of conservation effort (T)
Preservation	0.323	0.469	0	1
Forest restoration	0.378	0.487	0	1
Freshwater restoration	0.299	0.460	0	1
Scope of effort (S)^a
Attribute	0.378	0.487	0	1
Program low	0.441	0.498	0	1
Program high	0.181	0.387	0	1
Valuation characteristics (V)
Sample size	320.362	114.742	70	648
Log sample size	5.697	0.411	4.248	6.474
Elicitation format
Choice experiment (CE)	0.504	0.502	0	1
Dichotomous choice contingent valuation (DCCV)	0.260	0.440	0	1
Contingent ranking (CR)	0.236	0.426	0	1
Interaction variable (if CE with ASC)	0.087	0.282	0	1
Payment vehicle
Tax	0.567	0.497	0	1
Fees	0.299	0.460	0	1
Voluntary	0.134	0.342	0	1
Payment frequency (Lump sum = 1)	0.260	0.440	0	1
WTP form (Household = 1)	0.409	0.494	0	1
Context characteristics (C)
Trend^b	15.874	4.896	1	27
USA^c	0.362	0.483	0	1
GDP per capita	34.614	9.829	11.748	50.252
Log GDP per capita	3.495	0.339	2.464	3.917

Variable	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max
Dependent variable
Willingness to pay: 2010 US dollar equivalents	70.868	87.845	0.742	480.349
Log willingness to pay: 2010 US dollar equivalents	3.500	1.376	-0.298	6.175
Explanatory variables
Type of conservation effort (T)
Preservation	0.323	0.469	0	1
Forest restoration	0.378	0.487	0	1
Freshwater restoration	0.299	0.460	0	1
Scope of effort (S)^a
Attribute	0.378	0.487	0	1
Program low	0.441	0.498	0	1
Program high	0.181	0.387	0	1
Valuation characteristics (V)
Sample size	320.362	114.742	70	648
Log sample size	5.697	0.411	4.248	6.474
Elicitation format
Choice experiment (CE)	0.504	0.502	0	1
Dichotomous choice contingent valuation (DCCV)	0.260	0.440	0	1
Contingent ranking (CR)	0.236	0.426	0	1
Interaction variable (if CE with ASC)	0.087	0.282	0	1
Payment vehicle
Tax	0.567	0.497	0	1
Fees	0.299	0.460	0	1
Voluntary	0.134	0.342	0	1
Payment frequency (Lump sum = 1)	0.260	0.440	0	1
WTP form (Household = 1)	0.409	0.494	0	1
Context characteristics (C)
Trend^b	15.874	4.896	1	27
USA^c	0.362	0.483	0	1
GDP per capita	34.614	9.829	11.748	50.252
Log GDP per capita	3.495	0.339	2.464	3.917

This classification encompasses improvements in a given attribute (s) in quantitative as well as qualitative terms depending on how the primary studies framed changes.

Survey years ranged from 1 (1985) to 27 (2011).

In regression analysis (Table 5) all countries except USA were grouped into one category and used to serve as an omitted category.

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